Jaundice overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Jaundice}} | {{Jaundice}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | |||
{{CMG}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Jaundice''' is yellowish discoloration of the [[skin]], [[conjunctiva]] (a clear covering over the [[sclera]], or whites of the eyes) and [[mucous membrane]]s caused by [[hyperbilirubinemia]] (increased levels of [[bilirubin]] in red blooded animals). Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the [[blood]] must exceed 2–3 [[milligram|mg]]/[[decilitre|dL]] for the coloration to be easily visible. | '''Jaundice''' is yellowish discoloration of the [[skin]], [[conjunctiva]] (a clear covering over the [[sclera]], or whites of the eyes) and [[mucous membrane]]s caused by [[hyperbilirubinemia]] (increased levels of [[bilirubin]] in red blooded animals). Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the [[blood]] must exceed 2–3 [[milligram|mg]]/[[decilitre|dL]] for the coloration to be easily visible. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
==Classification== | |||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
When [[red blood cell]]s die, the [[heme]] in their [[haemoglobin]] is converted to [[bilirubin]] in the [[spleen]] and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The [[bilirubin]] is processed by the [[liver]], enters [[bile]] and is eventually excreted through [[feces]]. | When [[red blood cell]]s die, the [[heme]] in their [[haemoglobin]] is converted to [[bilirubin]] in the [[spleen]] and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The [[bilirubin]] is processed by the [[liver]], enters [[bile]] and is eventually excreted through [[feces]]. | ||
Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. ''Pre-hepatic'' or ''hemolytic'' causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, ''hepatic'' causes where the processing of [[bilirubin]] in the liver does not function correctly, and ''post-hepatic'' or ''extrahepatic'' causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed. | Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. ''Pre-hepatic'' or ''hemolytic'' causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, ''hepatic'' causes where the processing of [[bilirubin]] in the liver does not function correctly, and ''post-hepatic'' or ''extrahepatic'' causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
==Risk Factors== | |||
==Screening== | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | |||
===Natural History=== | |||
===Complications=== | |||
===Prognosis=== | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===History and Symptoms=== | ===History and Symptoms=== | ||
Common symptoms of jaundice that the patient will notice, is yellowing of the skin, nausea, and vomiting. Specific symptoms will depend on the underlying factor that caused jaundice to occur. | Common symptoms of jaundice that the patient will notice, is yellowing of the skin, nausea, and vomiting. Specific symptoms will depend on the underlying factor that caused jaundice to occur. | ||
===CT=== | |||
Abdominal CT scan may be helpful | ===Physical Examination=== | ||
===Imaging Findings=== | |||
====CT==== | |||
Abdominal CT scan may be helpful. | |||
===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | ||
Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) | Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
===Medical Therapy=== | |||
===Surgery=== | ===Surgery=== | ||
Cholecystectomy or ERCP | Cholecystectomy or ERCP | ||
===Prevention=== | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:Primary care]] | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Hepatology]] | [[Category:Hepatology]] | ||
Revision as of 12:14, 15 July 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Jaundice is yellowish discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the blood must exceed 2–3 mg/dL for the coloration to be easily visible.
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
When red blood cells die, the heme in their haemoglobin is converted to bilirubin in the spleen and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The bilirubin is processed by the liver, enters bile and is eventually excreted through feces.
Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. Pre-hepatic or hemolytic causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, hepatic causes where the processing of bilirubin in the liver does not function correctly, and post-hepatic or extrahepatic causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
Complications
Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Common symptoms of jaundice that the patient will notice, is yellowing of the skin, nausea, and vomiting. Specific symptoms will depend on the underlying factor that caused jaundice to occur.
Physical Examination
Imaging Findings
CT
Abdominal CT scan may be helpful.
Other Diagnostic Studies
Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Cholecystectomy or ERCP