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==Natural History==
==Natural History==
Earlier in the course of blepharitis, patients may be asymptomatic and present with findings of eyelid margin telangiectasia and meibomian gland orifice narrowing.<ref>Hykin, P. G., and A. J. Bron. "Age-related morphological changes in lid margin and meibomian gland anatomy." Cornea 11.4 (1992): 334-342.</ref> As the disease progresses, patients usually develop symptoms of [[foreign body]] sensation, eyelid crusting, matting of the lashes, [[tearing]], and burning. If left untreated, severe blepharitis may lead to alterations in the eyelid margin, loss of eyelashes, [[scarring]] of the [[eyelid]]s, [[conjunctivitis]], corneal involvement ([[corneal neovascularization]] and corneal scarring), superficial [[keratopathy]], and eventually [[blindness]].<ref name="pmid21276617">{{cite journal| author=Nemet AY, Vinker S, Kaiserman I| title=Associated morbidity of blepharitis. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2011 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 1062-8 | pmid=21276617 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.10.015 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21276617  }} </ref>
Earlier in the course of blepharitis, patients may be asymptomatic and present with findings of eyelid margin telangiectasia and meibomian gland orifice narrowing.<ref>Hykin, P. G., and A. J. Bron. "Age-related morphological changes in lid margin and meibomian gland anatomy." Cornea 11.4 (1992): 334-342.</ref> As the disease progresses, patients usually develop symptoms of [[foreign body]] sensation, eyelid crusting, matting of the lashes, [[tearing]], and burning. If left untreated, severe blepharitis may lead to alterations in the eyelid margin, loss of eyelashes, [[scarring]] of the [[eyelid]]s, [[conjunctivitis]], corneal involvement ([[corneal neovascularization]] and corneal scarring), superficial [[keratopathy]], and eventually [[blindness]].<ref name="pmid21276617">{{cite journal| author=Nemet AY, Vinker S, Kaiserman I| title=Associated morbidity of blepharitis. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2011 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 1062-8 | pmid=21276617 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.10.015 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21276617  }} </ref><ref>Ficker L, Ramakrishnan M, Seal D, Wright P. Role of cell-mediated immunity to staphylococci in blepharitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:473-9.</ref>


==Complications==
==Complications==

Revision as of 16:18, 8 August 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Blepharitis is usually asymptomatic until the disease progresses. As it progresses, the patient begins to notice a foreign body sensation, eyelid crusting, itching and irritation of the eyelids. Blepharitis can frequently be improved but are rarely eliminated. If left untreated, severe blepharitis may cause alterations in the eyelid margin, loss of eyelashes, scarring of the eyelids, conjunctivitis, corneal involvement, superficial keratopathy, and ultimately blindness. Common complications of blepharitis include loss of eyelashes, hordeolum or stye, chalazion, corneal ulcer, and conjunctivitis. Blepharitis is associated with a favorable long-term prognosis. Severe blepharitis is rarely associated with permanent alterations in the eyelid margin or vision loss from superficial keratopathy. Therefore, severe blepharitis ​is associated with a poor p​rognosis​.[1][2][3]

Natural History

Earlier in the course of blepharitis, patients may be asymptomatic and present with findings of eyelid margin telangiectasia and meibomian gland orifice narrowing.[4] As the disease progresses, patients usually develop symptoms of foreign body sensation, eyelid crusting, matting of the lashes, tearing, and burning. If left untreated, severe blepharitis may lead to alterations in the eyelid margin, loss of eyelashes, scarring of the eyelids, conjunctivitis, corneal involvement (corneal neovascularization and corneal scarring), superficial keratopathy, and eventually blindness.[1][5]

Complications

Complications to blepharitis include:[2][6][7]

Prognosis

In general, blepharitis is associated with a favorable long-term prognosis. Severe blepharitis is rarely associated with permanent alterations in the eyelid margin or vision loss from superficial keratopathy. However, severe blepharitis cases with these complications are generally associated with a poor p​rognosis​.[3][8]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nemet AY, Vinker S, Kaiserman I (2011). "Associated morbidity of blepharitis". Ophthalmology. 118 (6): 1062–8. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.10.015. PMID 21276617.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dougherty JM, McCulley JP (1984). "Comparative bacteriology of chronic blepharitis". Br J Ophthalmol. 68 (8): 524–8. PMC 1040405. PMID 6743618.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lindsley K, Matsumura S, Hatef E, Akpek EK (2012). "Interventions for chronic blepharitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5): CD005556. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005556.pub2. PMC 4270370. PMID 22592706.
  4. ↑ Hykin, P. G., and A. J. Bron. "Age-related morphological changes in lid margin and meibomian gland anatomy." Cornea 11.4 (1992): 334-342.
  5. ↑ Ficker L, Ramakrishnan M, Seal D, Wright P. Role of cell-mediated immunity to staphylococci in blepharitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:473-9.
  6. ↑ PubMed Health (2009). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023008/ Accessed on July, 13 2016
  7. ↑ Sharma S (1998). "Ophthaproblem. Chalazion". Can Fam Physician. 44: 1249, 1254, 1257. PMC 2278269. PMID 9640516.
  8. ↑ Raskin EM, Speaker MG, Laibson PR (1992). "Blepharitis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 6 (4): 777–87. PMID 1460262.

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