Typhoid fever risk factors: Difference between revisions
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== Risk factors == | == Risk factors == | ||
Common risk factors in the development of typhoid fever are<ref name="pmid9593481">{{cite journal| author=Luby SP, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch SP, Syed A, Mintz ED, Bhutta ZA et al.| title=Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 1998 | volume= 120 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-38 | pmid=9593481 | doi= | pmc=2809381 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9593481 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2870432">{{cite journal| author=Marshall E, Howells RE| title=Turnover of the surface proteins of adult and third and fourth stage larval Brugia pahangi. | journal=Mol Biochem Parasitol | year= 1986 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-24 | pmid=2870432 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2870432 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17596250">{{cite journal| author=Srikantiah P, Vafokulov S, Luby SP, Ishmail T, Earhart K, Khodjaev N et al.| title=Epidemiology and risk factors for endemic typhoid fever in Uzbekistan. | journal=Trop Med Int Health | year= 2007 | volume= 12 | issue= 7 | pages= 838-47 | pmid=17596250 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01853.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17596250 }} </ref><ref>Mermin, Jonathan H., et al. "A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water." Journal of Infectious Diseases 179.6 (1999): 1416-1422.</ref><ref>Black, Robert E., et al. "Case—control study to identify risk factors for paediatric endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63.5 (1985): 899.</ref><ref name="pmid24512443">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Thompson C, Vinh H, Chinh NT, Phuong le T, Ho VA et al.| title=Risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in Vietnam. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 73 | pmid=24512443 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-73 | pmc=3923984 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24512443 }} </ref> | |||
*Travel to endemic areas | |||
*Poor hygiene habits | |||
*Poor sanitation conditions | |||
*Flying insects feeding on feces | |||
*Contact with person recently suffered typhoid fever | |||
*Recent use of antibiotics | |||
*Achlorhydria | |||
*Immunosuppressive illnesses such as AIDS | |||
*Crowded housing | |||
*Usage of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with sewage | |||
*Prolonged illness | |||
It may surprise you, but what you eat and drink when you travel is a major risk factor. Raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled also are the risk for causing typhoid fever. Avoiding risky foods will also help protect you from other illnesses, including travelers' diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis A. | It may surprise you, but what you eat and drink when you travel is a major risk factor. Raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled also are the risk for causing typhoid fever. Avoiding risky foods will also help protect you from other illnesses, including travelers' diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis A. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk factors
Common risk factors in the development of typhoid fever are[1][2][3][4][5][6]
- Travel to endemic areas
- Poor hygiene habits
- Poor sanitation conditions
- Flying insects feeding on feces
- Contact with person recently suffered typhoid fever
- Recent use of antibiotics
- Achlorhydria
- Immunosuppressive illnesses such as AIDS
- Crowded housing
- Usage of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with sewage
- Prolonged illness
It may surprise you, but what you eat and drink when you travel is a major risk factor. Raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled also are the risk for causing typhoid fever. Avoiding risky foods will also help protect you from other illnesses, including travelers' diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis A.
References
- ↑ Luby SP, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch SP, Syed A, Mintz ED, Bhutta ZA; et al. (1998). "Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan". Epidemiol Infect. 120 (2): 129–38. PMC 2809381. PMID 9593481.
- ↑ Marshall E, Howells RE (1986). "Turnover of the surface proteins of adult and third and fourth stage larval Brugia pahangi". Mol Biochem Parasitol. 18 (1): 17–24. PMID 2870432.
- ↑ Srikantiah P, Vafokulov S, Luby SP, Ishmail T, Earhart K, Khodjaev N; et al. (2007). "Epidemiology and risk factors for endemic typhoid fever in Uzbekistan". Trop Med Int Health. 12 (7): 838–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01853.x. PMID 17596250.
- ↑ Mermin, Jonathan H., et al. "A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water." Journal of Infectious Diseases 179.6 (1999): 1416-1422.
- ↑ Black, Robert E., et al. "Case—control study to identify risk factors for paediatric endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63.5 (1985): 899.
- ↑ Parry CM, Thompson C, Vinh H, Chinh NT, Phuong le T, Ho VA; et al. (2014). "Risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in Vietnam". BMC Infect Dis. 14: 73. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-73. PMC 3923984. PMID 24512443.