Typhoid fever risk factors: Difference between revisions
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*Crowded housing | *Crowded housing | ||
*Usage of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with sewage | *Usage of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with sewage | ||
*Prolonged | *Prolonged illnessobiologiosts | ||
*Health care workers exposed to typhoid infection | |||
*Clinical microbiologists handling salmonella typhi | |||
*Childhood period | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 19:07, 25 August 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk factors
Common risk factors in the development of typhoid fever are[1][2][3][4][5][6]
- Travel to endemic areas
- Poor hygiene habits
- Poor sanitation conditions
- Flying insects feeding on feces
- Contact with person recently suffered typhoid fever
- Recent use of antibiotics
- Achlorhydria
- Immunosuppressive illnesses such as AIDS
- Crowded housing
- Usage of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with sewage
- Prolonged illnessobiologiosts
- Health care workers exposed to typhoid infection
- Clinical microbiologists handling salmonella typhi
- Childhood period
References
- ↑ Luby SP, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch SP, Syed A, Mintz ED, Bhutta ZA; et al. (1998). "Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan". Epidemiol Infect. 120 (2): 129–38. PMC 2809381. PMID 9593481.
- ↑ Marshall E, Howells RE (1986). "Turnover of the surface proteins of adult and third and fourth stage larval Brugia pahangi". Mol Biochem Parasitol. 18 (1): 17–24. PMID 2870432.
- ↑ Srikantiah P, Vafokulov S, Luby SP, Ishmail T, Earhart K, Khodjaev N; et al. (2007). "Epidemiology and risk factors for endemic typhoid fever in Uzbekistan". Trop Med Int Health. 12 (7): 838–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01853.x. PMID 17596250.
- ↑ Mermin, Jonathan H., et al. "A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water." Journal of Infectious Diseases 179.6 (1999): 1416-1422.
- ↑ Black, Robert E., et al. "Case—control study to identify risk factors for paediatric endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63.5 (1985): 899.
- ↑ Parry CM, Thompson C, Vinh H, Chinh NT, Phuong le T, Ho VA; et al. (2014). "Risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in Vietnam". BMC Infect Dis. 14: 73. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-73. PMC 3923984. PMID 24512443.