Typhoid fever epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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== Epidemiology ==
== Epidemiology ==


*With an estimated 16-33 million cases of typhoid annually resulting in 500,000 to 600,000 deaths.
*In, 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths.<ref name="Crump,J.A.,& Mintz, E.D 2010">{{cite journal |author=Crump, J. A., & Mintz, E. D |title=Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=241–246 |date=2010 |doi=10.1086/649541 |pmid=20014951}}</ref><ref name="pmid3484760">{{cite journal| author=Daul CB, deShazo RD, Andes WA, Pankey GA| title=Immunologic studies in homosexual and hemophiliac subjects with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: a comparative analysis. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 1986 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 295-301 | pmid=3484760 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3484760  }} </ref>
* In, 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths as compared to 181,000 in 1990.<ref name=GBD204 /> Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness.<ref name="Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED 2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED |title=The global burden of typhoid fever. |journal=Bull World Health Organ |volume=82 |pages=346–353 |date=2004}}</ref>
===Prevalance===
*Worldwide, typhoid fever is most prevalent in areas that are overcrowded with poor hygiene and sanitation.
*In endemic areas,  the [[World Health Organisation]] identifies typhoid as a serious public health problem.
*Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 21.5 million persons each year.
*Typhoid fever is common in most parts of the world except in industrialized regions such as the United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
*1-6% of individuals who are infected will develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder.<ref name="pmiddoi:10.1093/infdis/146.6.724">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi:10.1093/infdis/146.6.724 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6192305">{{cite journal| author=Lanata CF, Levine MM, Ristori C, Black RE, Jimenez L, Salcedo M et al.| title=Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area. | journal=Lancet | year= 1983 | volume= 2 | issue= 8347 | pages= 441-3 | pmid=6192305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6192305  }} </ref>
===Incidence===
Worldwide, incidence of typhoid fever varies in different parts of world.<ref name="pmid15298225">{{cite journal| author=Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED| title=The global burden of typhoid fever. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 2004 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 346-53 | pmid=15298225 | doi= | pmc=2622843 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15298225  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19706859">{{cite journal| author=Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J et al.| title=Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006. | journal=JAMA | year= 2009 | volume= 302 | issue= 8 | pages= 859-65 | pmid=19706859 | doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1229 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19706859  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23324216">{{cite journal| author=Jensenius M, Han PV, Schlagenhauf P, Schwartz E, Parola P, Castelli F et al.| title=Acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases in western travelers--a GeoSentinel multicenter study, 1996-2011. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 2 | pages= 397-404 | pmid=23324216 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.12-0551 | pmc=3583336 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23324216  }} </ref>


*With an estimated 16-33 million cases of typhoid annually resulting in 500,000 to 600,000 deaths.  
*Areas with highest incidence of typhoid fever (>100/100,000 cases/year) include south-central Asia and south-east Asia.<ref name="pmid. doi:10.1128/jb.00581-12">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=. doi:10.1128/jb.00581-12 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref>
*In endemic areas, the [[World Health Organisation]] identifies typhoid as a serious public health problem.


*In the United States about 400 cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally.  
*Areas with medium incidence (10-100/100,000 cases/year) include the rest of Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania, except for Australia and New Zealand.
*Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 21.5 million persons each year.  
*Areas with low incidence (<10/100,000 cases/year) include Europe, North america and rest of the world.
*Typhoid fever is common in most parts of the world except in industrialized regions such as the United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, and Japan. *Over the past 10 years, travelers from the United States to Asia, Africa, and Latin America have been especially at risk.
*The incidence of typhoid fever is estimated to be less than 400 cases per year in the United States and 75% of these are acquired while travelling internationally.<ref name="pmid25427666">{{cite journal| author=Imanishi M, Newton AE, Vieira AR, Gonzalez-Aviles G, Kendall Scott ME, Manikonda K et al.| title=Typhoid fever acquired in the United States, 1999-2010: epidemiology, microbiology, and use of a space-time scan statistic for outbreak detection. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2015 | volume= 143 | issue= 11 | pages= 2343-54 | pmid=25427666 | doi=10.1017/S0950268814003021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25427666  }} </ref>
*Case fatality rate for typhoid fever is 1%<ref>[[David L. Heymann|Heymann, David L.]], ed. (2008), ''[[Control of Communicable Diseases Manual]]'', [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[American Public Health Association]], pg 665. ISBN 978-0-87553-189-2.</ref>


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Epidemiology

  • With an estimated 16-33 million cases of typhoid annually resulting in 500,000 to 600,000 deaths.
  • In, 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths.[1][2]
  • In, 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths as compared to 181,000 in 1990.[3] Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness.[4]

Prevalance

  • Worldwide, typhoid fever is most prevalent in areas that are overcrowded with poor hygiene and sanitation.
  • In endemic areas, the World Health Organisation identifies typhoid as a serious public health problem.
  • Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 21.5 million persons each year.
  • Typhoid fever is common in most parts of the world except in industrialized regions such as the United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
  • 1-6% of individuals who are infected will develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder.[5][6]

Incidence

Worldwide, incidence of typhoid fever varies in different parts of world.[7][8][9]

  • Areas with highest incidence of typhoid fever (>100/100,000 cases/year) include south-central Asia and south-east Asia.[10]
  • Areas with medium incidence (10-100/100,000 cases/year) include the rest of Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania, except for Australia and New Zealand.
  • Areas with low incidence (<10/100,000 cases/year) include Europe, North america and rest of the world.
  • The incidence of typhoid fever is estimated to be less than 400 cases per year in the United States and 75% of these are acquired while travelling internationally.[11]
  • Case fatality rate for typhoid fever is 1%[12]
Locations of typhoid outbreaks worldwide
Death rates for Typhoid Fever in the U.S. 1906-1960

Demographics

Age

Incidence is highest in children between the ages of 5 and 19 years.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Crump, J. A., & Mintz, E. D (2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (2): 241–246. doi:10.1086/649541. PMID 20014951.
  2. ↑ Daul CB, deShazo RD, Andes WA, Pankey GA (1986). "Immunologic studies in homosexual and hemophiliac subjects with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: a comparative analysis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 77 (2): 295–301. PMID 3484760.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (2004). "The global burden of typhoid fever". Bull World Health Organ. 82: 346–353.
  5. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID doi:10.1093/infdis/146.6.724 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Lanata CF, Levine MM, Ristori C, Black RE, Jimenez L, Salcedo M; et al. (1983). "Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area". Lancet. 2 (8347): 441–3. PMID 6192305.
  7. ↑ Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (2004). "The global burden of typhoid fever". Bull World Health Organ. 82 (5): 346–53. PMC 2622843. PMID 15298225.
  8. ↑ Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J; et al. (2009). "Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006". JAMA. 302 (8): 859–65. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1229. PMID 19706859.
  9. ↑ Jensenius M, Han PV, Schlagenhauf P, Schwartz E, Parola P, Castelli F; et al. (2013). "Acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases in western travelers--a GeoSentinel multicenter study, 1996-2011". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 88 (2): 397–404. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0551. PMC 3583336. PMID 23324216.
  10. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID doi:10.1128/jb.00581-12 . doi:10.1128/jb.00581-12 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ Imanishi M, Newton AE, Vieira AR, Gonzalez-Aviles G, Kendall Scott ME, Manikonda K; et al. (2015). "Typhoid fever acquired in the United States, 1999-2010: epidemiology, microbiology, and use of a space-time scan statistic for outbreak detection". Epidemiol Infect. 143 (11): 2343–54. doi:10.1017/S0950268814003021. PMID 25427666.
  12. ↑ Heymann, David L., ed. (2008), Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, pg 665. ISBN 978-0-87553-189-2.
  13. ↑ "Typhoid Fever". World Health Organisation. Retrieved 2007-08-28. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

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