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==History==
==History==
==Symptoms==  
==Symptoms==  
Symptoms of typhoid fever include the following:
Symptoms of typhoid fever include the following:<ref name="pmid2017639">{{cite journal| author=Butler T, Islam A, Kabir I, Jones PK| title=Patterns of morbidity and mortality in typhoid fever dependent on age and gender: review of 552 hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1991 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 85-90 | pmid=2017639 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2017639  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20278487">{{cite journal| author=STUART BM, PULLEN RL| title=Typhoid; clinical analysis of 360 cases. | journal=Arch Intern Med (Chic) | year= 1946 | volume= 78 | issue= 6 | pages= 629-61 | pmid=20278487 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20278487  }} </ref><ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/typhoidfever_g.htm |title=CDC Typhoid Fever |accessdate=2007-10-02 |date=2005-10-25 |publisher=Center for Disease Control }}</ref><ref name="pmid1899554">{{cite journal| author=Gotuzzo E, Frisancho O, Sanchez J, Liendo G, Carrillo C, Black RE et al.| title=Association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infection with Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi in an endemic typhoid area. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1991 | volume= 151 | issue= 2 | pages= 381-2 | pmid=1899554 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1899554  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22357702">{{cite journal| author=Lutterloh E, Likaka A, Sejvar J, Manda R, Naiene J, Monroe SS et al.| title=Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the Malawi-Mozambique border. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 | issue= 8 | pages= 1100-6 | pmid=22357702 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22357702  }} </ref><ref>Butler, Thomas, et al. "Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Typhoid Fever Dependent on Age and Gender: Review of 552 Hopitalized Patients with Diarrhea." Review of Infectious Diseases 13.1 (1991): 85-90.</ref><ref name="pmid15673941">{{cite journal| author=Pohan HT| title=Clinical and laboratory manifestations of typhoid fever at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta. | journal=Acta Med Indones | year= 2004 | volume= 36 | issue= 2 | pages= 78-83 | pmid=15673941 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15673941  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23284780">{{cite journal| author=Thriemer K, Ley B, Ley BB, Ame SS, Deen JL, Pak GD et al.| title=Clinical and epidemiological features of typhoid fever in Pemba, Zanzibar: assessment of the performance of the WHO case definitions. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue= 12 | pages= e51823 | pmid=23284780 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051823 | pmc=3527440 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23284780  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9465434">{{cite journal| author=Haq SA, Alam MN, Hossain SM, Ahmed T, Tahir M| title=Value of clinical features in the diagnosis of enteric fever. | journal=Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull | year= 1997 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 42-6 | pmid=9465434 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9465434  }} </ref>   


===Most common symptoms===  
===Most common symptoms===  
*Stepledder increase in temperature initially and than sustained [[fever]] as high as 40°C (104°F)<ref name="pmid20278487">{{cite journal| author=STUART BM, PULLEN RL| title=Typhoid; clinical analysis of 360 cases. | journal=Arch Intern Med (Chic) | year= 1946 | volume= 78 | issue= 6 | pages= 629-61 | pmid=20278487 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20278487  }} </ref>
*Stepledder increase in temperature initially and than sustained [[fever]] as high as 40°C (104°F)<ref name="pmid20278487">{{cite journal| author=STUART BM, PULLEN RL| title=Typhoid; clinical analysis of 360 cases. | journal=Arch Intern Med (Chic) | year= 1946 | volume= 78 | issue= 6 | pages= 629-61 | pmid=20278487 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20278487  }} </ref>
*profuse sweating  
*Profuse sweating  
*[[gastroenteritis]]
*Influenza-like symptoms with chills
*[[diarrhea]]
*Malaise
 
*headache<ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref> 
*Poorly localised abdominal pain<ref name="pmid15673941">{{cite journal| author=Pohan HT| title=Clinical and laboratory manifestations of typhoid fever at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta. | journal=Acta Med Indones | year= 2004 | volume= 36 | issue= 2 | pages= 78-83 | pmid=15673941 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15673941  }} </ref>
*[[Diarrhea]]<ref>Butler, Thomas, et al. "Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Typhoid Fever Dependent on Age and Gender: Review of 552 Hopitalized Patients with Diarrhea." Review of Infectious Diseases 13.1 (1991): 85-90.</ref>
*[[Constipation]]
*Loss of apatite
*Nausea<ref name="pmid15673941">{{cite journal| author=Pohan HT| title=Clinical and laboratory manifestations of typhoid fever at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta. | journal=Acta Med Indones | year= 2004 | volume= 36 | issue= 2 | pages= 78-83 | pmid=15673941 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15673941  }} </ref>
===Less common symptoms===  
===Less common symptoms===  
*[[Rash]] causing flat, rose-colored spots <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/typhoidfever_g.htm |title=CDC Typhoid Fever |accessdate=2007-10-02 |date=2005-10-25 |publisher=Center for Disease Control }}</ref>
*[[Rash]] causing flat, rose-colored spots <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/typhoidfever_g.htm |title=CDC Typhoid Fever |accessdate=2007-10-02 |date=2005-10-25 |publisher=Center for Disease Control }}</ref>

Revision as of 13:57, 29 August 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

History

Symptoms

Symptoms of typhoid fever include the following:[1][2][3][4][5][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Most common symptoms

  • Stepledder increase in temperature initially and than sustained fever as high as 40°C (104°F)[2]
  • Profuse sweating
  • Influenza-like symptoms with chills
  • Malaise
  • headache[5]
  • Poorly localised abdominal pain[8]
  • Diarrhea[11]
  • Constipation
  • Loss of apatite
  • Nausea[8]

Less common symptoms

  • Rash causing flat, rose-colored spots [12]

Course of typhoid fever

Typhoid fever symptoms can be divided into four individual stages, each lasting approximately one week.

First week

  • Slowly rising temperature with relative bradycardia,
  • malaise
  • headache
  • cough.
  • Epistaxis
  • abdominal pain

Second week

  • Prostration
  • High grade fever which plateaus around 40°C
  • Bradycardia (Sphygmo-thermic dissociation), classically with a dicrotic pulse wave.
  • Delirium or agitation (nervous fever)
  • Rose spots on the lower chest and abdomen(1/3 patients).
  • Rhonchi in lung bases.
  • Painful abdomen(right lower quadrant).
  • Diarrhea (six to eight stools/day), green with a characteristic smell, comparable to pea-soup.[4]
  • Constipation

Third week

References

  1. ↑ Butler T, Islam A, Kabir I, Jones PK (1991). "Patterns of morbidity and mortality in typhoid fever dependent on age and gender: review of 552 hospitalized patients with diarrhea". Rev Infect Dis. 13 (1): 85–90. PMID 2017639.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 STUART BM, PULLEN RL (1946). "Typhoid; clinical analysis of 360 cases". Arch Intern Med (Chic). 78 (6): 629–61. PMID 20278487.
  3. ↑ "CDC Typhoid Fever". Center for Disease Control. 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gotuzzo E, Frisancho O, Sanchez J, Liendo G, Carrillo C, Black RE; et al. (1991). "Association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infection with Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi in an endemic typhoid area". Arch Intern Med. 151 (2): 381–2. PMID 1899554.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
  6. ↑ Lutterloh E, Likaka A, Sejvar J, Manda R, Naiene J, Monroe SS; et al. (2012). "Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the Malawi-Mozambique border". Clin Infect Dis. 54 (8): 1100–6. doi:10.1093/cid/cis012. PMID 22357702.
  7. ↑ Butler, Thomas, et al. "Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Typhoid Fever Dependent on Age and Gender: Review of 552 Hopitalized Patients with Diarrhea." Review of Infectious Diseases 13.1 (1991): 85-90.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Pohan HT (2004). "Clinical and laboratory manifestations of typhoid fever at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta". Acta Med Indones. 36 (2): 78–83. PMID 15673941.
  9. ↑ Thriemer K, Ley B, Ley BB, Ame SS, Deen JL, Pak GD; et al. (2012). "Clinical and epidemiological features of typhoid fever in Pemba, Zanzibar: assessment of the performance of the WHO case definitions". PLoS One. 7 (12): e51823. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051823. PMC 3527440. PMID 23284780.
  10. ↑ Haq SA, Alam MN, Hossain SM, Ahmed T, Tahir M (1997). "Value of clinical features in the diagnosis of enteric fever". Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 23 (2): 42–6. PMID 9465434.
  11. ↑ Butler, Thomas, et al. "Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Typhoid Fever Dependent on Age and Gender: Review of 552 Hopitalized Patients with Diarrhea." Review of Infectious Diseases 13.1 (1991): 85-90.
  12. ↑ "CDC Typhoid Fever". Center for Disease Control. 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-02.

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