Typhoid fever classification: Difference between revisions
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854 }} </ref> | There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854 }} </ref> | ||
===Duration of illness=== | ===Duration of illness===<ref name="pmid1519582">{{cite journal| author=Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW| title=Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1198-9 | pmid=1519582 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1519582 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7172510">{{cite journal| author=Dham SK, Thompson RA| title=Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1982 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-40 | pmid=7172510 | doi= | pmc=1536860 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7172510 }} </ref> | ||
'''Acute disease''' | '''Acute disease''' | ||
*Sudden | *Sudden-onset | ||
*Severe | *Severe in nature | ||
*Lasts < 12 months | *Lasts < 12 months | ||
*Mostly symptomatic | *Mostly symptomatic | ||
'''Chronic disease''' | '''Chronic disease''' | ||
*Lasts > 12 months | *Lasts > 12 months | ||
*Less severe | *Less severe | ||
*Asymptomatic | *Asymptomatic | ||
*Spread infection to others | *Spread infection to others | ||
===Severity of illness=== | ===Severity of illness=== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and virulence factors.[1]
Classification
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.[1] ===Duration of illness===[2][3][4]
Acute disease
- Sudden-onset
- Severe in nature
- Lasts < 12 months
- Mostly symptomatic
Chronic disease
- Lasts > 12 months
- Less severe
- Asymptomatic
- Spread infection to others
Severity of illness
Mild disease
- Early diagnosis and treatment
- Antibiotic susceptibility[5]
- Absence of complications
Moderate to severe disease
- Late presentation
- Presence of complications[6]
- Antibiotic resistance
Virulence factors
High virulence factors
Low virulence factors
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
- ↑ Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). "Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis". Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). "Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state". J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.
- ↑ Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). "Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers". Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.
- ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
- ↑ Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
- ↑ Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). "phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers". J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.
- ↑ Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). "Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment". Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.
- ↑ Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). "Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.
- ↑ Weinberg ED (2008). "Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation". Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.