Typhoid fever classification: Difference between revisions
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===Severity of illness=== | ===Severity of illness=== | ||
'''Mild disease''' | '''Mild disease''' | ||
*Early diagnosis and treatment | |||
*Antibiotic susceptibility<ref>Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.</ref> | |||
*Absence of complications | |||
'''Moderate to severe disease''' | '''Moderate to severe disease''' | ||
*Late presentation | |||
*Presence of complications<ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558 }} </ref> | |||
*Antibiotic resistance | |||
===Virulence factors=== | ===Virulence factors=== | ||
Revision as of 14:52, 8 September 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and virulence factors.[1]
Classification
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.[1]
Duration of illness
- Sudden-onset
- Severe in nature
- Lasts < 12 months
- Mostly symptomatic
- Lasts > 12 months
- Less severe
- Asymptomatic
- Spread infection to others
Severity of illness
Mild disease
- Early diagnosis and treatment
- Antibiotic susceptibility[5]
- Absence of complications
Moderate to severe disease
- Late presentation
- Presence of complications[6]
- Antibiotic resistance
Virulence factors
High virulence factors
Low virulence factors
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). "Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis". Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). "Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state". J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). "Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers". Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.
- ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
- ↑ Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
- ↑ Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). "phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers". J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.
- ↑ Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). "Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment". Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.
- ↑ Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). "Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.
- ↑ Weinberg ED (2008). "Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation". Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.