Typhoid fever primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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'''Indications''' | '''Indications''' | ||
* | *Travel to [[endemic]] areas<ref name="pmid8613306">{{cite journal| author=John TJ| title=Typhoid vaccine. | journal=Indian Pediatr | year= 1995 | volume= 32 | issue= 3 | pages= 391-3 | pmid=8613306 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8613306 }} </ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html</ref> | ||
*Health care workers dealing typhoid patients or handling salmonella typhi | *Health care workers or researchers dealing typhoid patients or handling salmonella typhi | ||
*Individuals at increased risk of acquiring infection | *Individuals at increased risk of acquiring infection (e.g., household contacts of a patient with typhoid fever)<ref name="pmid25811680">{{cite journal| author=Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 64 | issue= 11 | pages= 305-8 | pmid=25811680 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25811680 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15307027">{{cite journal| author=Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, Dempsey AF, Hoekstra RM, Nelson JM et al.| title=Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention? | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-91 | pmid=15307027 | doi=10.1086/421945 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15307027 }} </ref> | ||
*To prevent typhoid epidemic in case of natural disasters | *To prevent typhoid epidemic in case of natural disasters or the presence of a refugee camp in an endemic area<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10432074">{{cite journal| author=Tarr PE, Kuppens L, Jones TC, Ivanoff B, Aparin PG, Heymann DL| title=Considerations regarding mass vaccination against typhoid fever as an adjunct to sanitation and public health measures: potential use in an epidemic in Tajikistan. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 1999 | volume= 61 | issue= 1 | pages= 163-70 | pmid=10432074 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10432074 }} </ref> | ||
'''Contraindications''' | '''Contraindications''' | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include vaccination, improving personal hygiene and sanitation,[1] ensuring proper sewage disposal, avoiding overcrowding, and avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][7]
Primary Prevention
Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include:
Vaccination
There are two types of vaccines for typhoid fever:[2][4][5][6][9][7][10]
- Inactivated typhoid vaccine, ViCPS (IM)
- Live typhoid vaccine (oral)
Indications
- Travel to endemic areas[11][12]
- Health care workers or researchers dealing typhoid patients or handling salmonella typhi
- Individuals at increased risk of acquiring infection (e.g., household contacts of a patient with typhoid fever)[13][14]
- To prevent typhoid epidemic in case of natural disasters or the presence of a refugee camp in an endemic area[6][15]
Contraindications
Following are the contraindications for typhoid vaccine:[6][16]
- Severe allergic reaction to the vaccine component.
- Severely ill patients or immunocompromised individuals.
- Severe reaction to previous dose.
- Children younger than 2 years of age for inactivated vaccine.
- Children younger than six years of age for live attenuated vaccine.
- Pregnancy.[17]
The table below provides the basic information on typhoid vaccines that are available in the United States:
Other measures
Following measures in endemic areas help decrease incidence of typhoid in these areas.[6]
- Improving personal hygiene and sanitation.[18]
- Proper sewage disposal.
- Avoiding overcrowding.
- Avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid.
Following preventive measures can help prevent disease in people traveling to endemic area:[6][19][20]
- Avoiding foods and beverages from street vendors.
- Avoiding raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled.
- Avoiding consumption of ice cream.
- Eating food which is properly cooked and served hot.
- Using hard cooked eggs.
- Using pasteurized milk products.
- Using boiled or bottled water.
References
- ↑ Ivanoff, Bernard. "Typhoid fever: global situation and WHO recommendations." Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26 (1995): 1-6.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.110 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Wahdan, M. H., et al. "A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results." Journal of Infectious Diseases 145.3 (1982): 292-295.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, Gurubacharya VL, Shrestha MB, Cadoz M; et al. (1987). "Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report". N Engl J Med. 317 (18): 1101–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM198710293171801. PMID 3657877.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC; et al. (2001). "The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children". N Engl J Med. 344 (17): 1263–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200104263441701. PMID 11320385.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR (2016). "Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections". Curr Opin Infect Dis. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302. PMID 27479027.
- ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hainsworth T (2002). "Travel vaccines: a guide to appropriate use". Nurs Times. 98 (25): 40–2. PMID 12168224.
- ↑ Wahdan, M. H., et al. "A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results." Journal of Infectious Diseases 145.3 (1982): 292-295.
- ↑ John TJ (1995). "Typhoid vaccine". Indian Pediatr. 32 (3): 391–3. PMID 8613306.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html
- ↑ Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015). "Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 64 (11): 305–8. PMID 25811680.
- ↑ Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, Dempsey AF, Hoekstra RM, Nelson JM; et al. (2004). "Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention?". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (2): 186–91. doi:10.1086/421945. PMID 15307027.
- ↑ Tarr PE, Kuppens L, Jones TC, Ivanoff B, Aparin PG, Heymann DL (1999). "Considerations regarding mass vaccination against typhoid fever as an adjunct to sanitation and public health measures: potential use in an epidemic in Tajikistan". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 61 (1): 163–70. PMID 10432074.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html
- ↑ Galev A, Nacheva A (2014). "[Pregnancy and vaccinoprevention]". Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 53 (1): 51–6. PMID 24919344.
- ↑ Ivanoff, Bernard. "Typhoid fever: global situation and WHO recommendations." Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26 (1995): 1-6.
- ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid
- ↑ Ahmad Hatib NA, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tee NW, Krishnamoorthy SS, Tan NW (2016). "Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: A Retrospective Six-Year Review". Ann Acad Med Singapore. 45 (7): 297–302. PMID 27523510.