Typhoid fever primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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===Other measures=== | ===Other measures=== | ||
The following preventive measures help decrease incidence of typhoid in endemic areas:<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854 }} </ref> | The following preventive measures help decrease incidence of typhoid in endemic areas:<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854 }} </ref><ref>Ivanoff, Bernard. "Typhoid fever: global situation and WHO recommendations." Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26 (1995): 1-6.</ref> | ||
*Improving personal hygiene and sanitation | |||
* | *Implementing proper sewage disposal | ||
*Avoiding overcrowding | *Avoiding overcrowding | ||
*Avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid | *Avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid | ||
The following preventive measures help prevent disease in people traveling to endemic areas:<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854 }} </ref><ref>http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid</ref><ref name="pmid27523510">{{cite journal| author=Ahmad Hatib NA, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tee NW, Krishnamoorthy SS, Tan NW| title=Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: A Retrospective Six-Year Review. | journal=Ann Acad Med Singapore | year= 2016 | volume= 45 | issue= 7 | pages= 297-302 | pmid=27523510 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27523510 }} </ref> | The following preventive measures help prevent disease in people traveling to endemic areas:<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854 }} </ref><ref>http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid</ref><ref name="pmid27523510">{{cite journal| author=Ahmad Hatib NA, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tee NW, Krishnamoorthy SS, Tan NW| title=Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: A Retrospective Six-Year Review. | journal=Ann Acad Med Singapore | year= 2016 | volume= 45 | issue= 7 | pages= 297-302 | pmid=27523510 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27523510 }} </ref> | ||
*Avoiding consumption of foods and beverages purchased from street vendors | |||
*Avoiding foods and beverages from street vendors | *Avoiding consumption of raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled | ||
*Avoiding raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled | *Avoiding consumption of ice cream | ||
*Avoiding consumption of ice cream | *Eating food which is properly cooked and served hot | ||
*Eating food which is properly cooked and served hot | *Using hard cooked eggs | ||
*Using hard cooked eggs | *Using pasteurized milk products | ||
*Using pasteurized milk products | *Using boiled or bottled water | ||
*Using boiled or bottled water | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 15:54, 9 September 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include vaccination, improving personal hygiene and sanitation,[1] ensuring proper sewage disposal, avoiding overcrowding, and avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][7]
Primary Prevention
Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include:
Vaccination
There are two types of vaccines for typhoid fever:[2][4][5][6][9][7][10]
- Inactivated typhoid vaccine, ViCPS (IM)
- Live typhoid vaccine (oral)
Indications[11][12][13][14][6][15]
- Travel to endemic areas
- Health care workers or researchers dealing typhoid patients or handling Salmonella typhi
- Individuals at increased risk of acquiring infection (e.g., household contacts of a patient with typhoid fever)
- To prevent typhoid epidemic in case of natural disasters or the presence of a refugee camp in an endemic area
- Severe allergic reaction to the vaccine component
- Severely ill or immunocompromised patients
- Severe reaction to previous dose
- Children younger than 2 years of age for inactivated vaccine
- Children younger than 6 years of age for live attenuated vaccine
- Pregnancy
The table below provides basic information about the typhoid vaccines that are available in the United States:
Other measures
The following preventive measures help decrease incidence of typhoid in endemic areas:[6][18]
- Improving personal hygiene and sanitation
- Implementing proper sewage disposal
- Avoiding overcrowding
- Avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid
The following preventive measures help prevent disease in people traveling to endemic areas:[6][19][20]
- Avoiding consumption of foods and beverages purchased from street vendors
- Avoiding consumption of raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled
- Avoiding consumption of ice cream
- Eating food which is properly cooked and served hot
- Using hard cooked eggs
- Using pasteurized milk products
- Using boiled or bottled water
References
- ↑ Ivanoff, Bernard. "Typhoid fever: global situation and WHO recommendations." Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26 (1995): 1-6.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.110 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Wahdan, M. H., et al. "A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results." Journal of Infectious Diseases 145.3 (1982): 292-295.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, Gurubacharya VL, Shrestha MB, Cadoz M; et al. (1987). "Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report". N Engl J Med. 317 (18): 1101–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM198710293171801. PMID 3657877.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC; et al. (2001). "The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children". N Engl J Med. 344 (17): 1263–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200104263441701. PMID 11320385.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR (2016). "Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections". Curr Opin Infect Dis. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302. PMID 27479027.
- ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hainsworth T (2002). "Travel vaccines: a guide to appropriate use". Nurs Times. 98 (25): 40–2. PMID 12168224.
- ↑ Wahdan, M. H., et al. "A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results." Journal of Infectious Diseases 145.3 (1982): 292-295.
- ↑ John TJ (1995). "Typhoid vaccine". Indian Pediatr. 32 (3): 391–3. PMID 8613306.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html
- ↑ Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015). "Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 64 (11): 305–8. PMID 25811680.
- ↑ Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, Dempsey AF, Hoekstra RM, Nelson JM; et al. (2004). "Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention?". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (2): 186–91. doi:10.1086/421945. PMID 15307027.
- ↑ Tarr PE, Kuppens L, Jones TC, Ivanoff B, Aparin PG, Heymann DL (1999). "Considerations regarding mass vaccination against typhoid fever as an adjunct to sanitation and public health measures: potential use in an epidemic in Tajikistan". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 61 (1): 163–70. PMID 10432074.
- ↑ Galev A, Nacheva A (2014). "[Pregnancy and vaccinoprevention]". Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 53 (1): 51–6. PMID 24919344.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html
- ↑ Ivanoff, Bernard. "Typhoid fever: global situation and WHO recommendations." Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26 (1995): 1-6.
- ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid
- ↑ Ahmad Hatib NA, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tee NW, Krishnamoorthy SS, Tan NW (2016). "Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: A Retrospective Six-Year Review". Ann Acad Med Singapore. 45 (7): 297–302. PMID 27523510.