Typhoid fever secondary prevention: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, early diagnosis and prompt and adequate treatment &mdash including antibiotics, good nursing care, fluid electrolyte balance, adequate nutrition,<ref name="pmid15567123">{{cite journal| author=van de Vosse E, Hoeve MA, Ottenhoff TH| title=Human genetics of intracellular infectious diseases: molecular and cellular immunity against mycobacteria and salmonellae. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= 739-49 | pmid=15567123 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01203-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15567123 }} </ref> steroids in severe cases, <ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558 }} </ref> and cholecystectomy &mdash may help prevent the chronic carrier state.<ref name="pmid520079">{{cite journal| author=Münnich D, Békési S| title=Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment. | journal=Chemotherapy | year= 1979 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 362-6 | pmid=520079 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=520079 }} </ref> | There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, early diagnosis and prompt and adequate treatment — including antibiotics, good nursing care, fluid electrolyte balance, adequate nutrition,<ref name="pmid15567123">{{cite journal| author=van de Vosse E, Hoeve MA, Ottenhoff TH| title=Human genetics of intracellular infectious diseases: molecular and cellular immunity against mycobacteria and salmonellae. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= 739-49 | pmid=15567123 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01203-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15567123 }} </ref> steroids in severe cases, <ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558 }} </ref> and cholecystectomy — may help prevent the chronic carrier state.<ref name="pmid520079">{{cite journal| author=Münnich D, Békési S| title=Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment. | journal=Chemotherapy | year= 1979 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 362-6 | pmid=520079 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=520079 }} </ref> | ||
==Secondary prevention== | ==Secondary prevention== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, early diagnosis and prompt and adequate treatment — including antibiotics, good nursing care, fluid electrolyte balance, adequate nutrition,[1] steroids in severe cases, [2] and cholecystectomy — may help prevent the chronic carrier state.[3]
Secondary prevention
There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, following strategies may help reduce the progression of disease and prevent complications in the affected individuals:[4]
- Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with the antibiotics.
- Good nursing care and fluid electrolyte balance.
- Adequate nutrition.[1]
- Steroids may have a role in severe illness to decrease the morbidity and mortality.[2]
- Antibiotics and cholecystctomy may help prevent the chronic carrier state.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 van de Vosse E, Hoeve MA, Ottenhoff TH (2004). "Human genetics of intracellular infectious diseases: molecular and cellular immunity against mycobacteria and salmonellae". Lancet Infect Dis. 4 (12): 739–49. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01203-4. PMID 15567123.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Münnich D, Békési S (1979). "Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment". Chemotherapy. 25 (6): 362–6. PMID 520079.
- ↑ Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.