Typhoid fever secondary prevention: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, early diagnosis and prompt and adequate treatment—including the administration of antibiotics, good nursing care, maintenance of fluid electrolyte balance, adequate nutrition,<ref name="pmid15567123">{{cite journal| author=van de Vosse E, Hoeve MA, Ottenhoff TH| title=Human genetics of intracellular infectious diseases: molecular and cellular immunity against mycobacteria and salmonellae. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= 739-49 | pmid=15567123 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01203-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15567123 }} </ref> steroids in severe cases, <ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558 }} </ref> and cholecystectomy—may help prevent the chronic carrier state.<ref name="pmid520079">{{cite journal| author=Münnich D, Békési S| title=Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment. | journal=Chemotherapy | year= 1979 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 362-6 | pmid=520079 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=520079 }} </ref> | There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, early diagnosis and prompt and adequate treatment—including the administration of antibiotics, good nursing care, maintenance of fluid electrolyte balance, adequate nutrition,<ref name="pmid15567123">{{cite journal| author=van de Vosse E, Hoeve MA, Ottenhoff TH| title=Human genetics of intracellular infectious diseases: molecular and cellular immunity against mycobacteria and salmonellae. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= 739-49 | pmid=15567123 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01203-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15567123 }} </ref> steroids in severe cases,<ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558 }} </ref> and cholecystectomy—may help prevent the chronic carrier state.<ref name="pmid520079">{{cite journal| author=Münnich D, Békési S| title=Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment. | journal=Chemotherapy | year= 1979 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 362-6 | pmid=520079 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=520079 }} </ref> | ||
==Secondary prevention== | ==Secondary prevention== | ||
Revision as of 16:15, 9 September 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, early diagnosis and prompt and adequate treatment—including the administration of antibiotics, good nursing care, maintenance of fluid electrolyte balance, adequate nutrition,[1] steroids in severe cases,[2] and cholecystectomy—may help prevent the chronic carrier state.[3]
Secondary prevention
There are no established guidelines for secondary prevention of typhoid fever. However, following strategies may help reduce the progression of disease and prevent complications in the affected individuals:[4]
- Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with the antibiotics.
- Good nursing care and fluid electrolyte balance.
- Adequate nutrition.[1]
- Steroids may have a role in severe illness to decrease the morbidity and mortality.[2]
- Antibiotics and cholecystctomy may help prevent the chronic carrier state.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 van de Vosse E, Hoeve MA, Ottenhoff TH (2004). "Human genetics of intracellular infectious diseases: molecular and cellular immunity against mycobacteria and salmonellae". Lancet Infect Dis. 4 (12): 739–49. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01203-4. PMID 15567123.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Münnich D, Békési S (1979). "Curing of typhoid carriers by cholecystectomy combined with amoxycillin plus probenecid treatment". Chemotherapy. 25 (6): 362–6. PMID 520079.
- ↑ Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.