Gonorrhea pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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''[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]'' is [[gram-negative]] intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. | ''[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]'' is [[gram-negative]] intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. | ||
It can infectmucus-secreting epithelial cells both in men and women. | It can infectmucus-secreting epithelial cells both in men and women. | ||
===Transmission=== | |||
The recognized routes of transmission of the ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' include: | The recognized routes of transmission of the ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' include: | ||
*Male to female via [[semen]]. The transmission rate is estimated to be 50%-70% per episode of vaginal intercourse | *Male to female via [[semen]]. The transmission rate is estimated to be 50%-70% per episode of vaginal intercourse | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
*[[Fellatio]] and less commonly [[cunnilingus]] can result in pharyngeal gonorrhea | *[[Fellatio]] and less commonly [[cunnilingus]] can result in pharyngeal gonorrhea | ||
*Perinatal transmission | *Perinatal transmission | ||
===Virulence factors=== | |||
The recognized virulence factors of the ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' include: | |||
*The main pathogenicity of the ''[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]'' obtains from the [[surface pili]] | |||
**Attachment on the surface of the [[urethra]], [[fallopian tubes]] and [[endocervix]] | |||
**Preventing [[phagocytosis]] by [[neutrophils]] | |||
*Opa proteins is a surface proteins that helps gonococcus binds to receptors on immune cells | |||
**Prevent an Immune response | |||
**Unable immunological memory against gonorrhea | |||
*Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) | |||
*Producing [[IgA protease]] | |||
**Hydrolyze secretory IgA, which can prevent the attachment to the mucosa | |||
In pregnancy, gonococcus can be transmitted to the fetus at the time of delivery. This results in infection of the [[conjuctiva]]. This appears 1 to 4 days after birth as severe discharge with marked swelling and redness of the eyelids and conjunctiva. | In pregnancy, gonococcus can be transmitted to the fetus at the time of delivery. This results in infection of the [[conjuctiva]]. This appears 1 to 4 days after birth as severe discharge with marked swelling and redness of the eyelids and conjunctiva. | ||
Revision as of 14:08, 19 September 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]
Overview
Pathophysiology
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by Neisseria gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhea is gram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. It can infectmucus-secreting epithelial cells both in men and women.
Transmission
The recognized routes of transmission of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae include:
- Male to female via semen. The transmission rate is estimated to be 50%-70% per episode of vaginal intercourse
- Female vagina to male urethra. The transmission rate is estimated to be 20% per episode of vaginal intercourse and increases to 60%-80% after 4 or more exposures.
- Rectal intercourse
- Fellatio and less commonly cunnilingus can result in pharyngeal gonorrhea
- Perinatal transmission
Virulence factors
The recognized virulence factors of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae include:
- The main pathogenicity of the Neisseria gonorrhea obtains from the surface pili
- Attachment on the surface of the urethra, fallopian tubes and endocervix
- Preventing phagocytosis by neutrophils
- Opa proteins is a surface proteins that helps gonococcus binds to receptors on immune cells
- Prevent an Immune response
- Unable immunological memory against gonorrhea
- Lipooligosaccharides (LOS)
- Producing IgA protease
- Hydrolyze secretory IgA, which can prevent the attachment to the mucosa
In pregnancy, gonococcus can be transmitted to the fetus at the time of delivery. This results in infection of the conjuctiva. This appears 1 to 4 days after birth as severe discharge with marked swelling and redness of the eyelids and conjunctiva.
Associated Conditions
HIVinfection
Gonorrhea is associated with increased susceptibility to the transmission of HIV infection. It is thought, gonorrhea infections can result in the increase HIV shedding in individuals.