Hepatitis C epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence and Prevalence=== | ===Incidence and Prevalence=== | ||
According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), approximately 3% of the global population are infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). More than 170 million people infected chronically around the world. Its prevalence is varied among the nations, for example 1.3% to 1.6% of U.S. population are affected while up to 30% of Egypt population are infected with hepatitis C virus.<ref name="pmid200735">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bryan JS, Krasne FB |title=Presynaptic inhibition: the mechanism of protection from habituation of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response |journal=J. Physiol. (Lond.) |volume=271 |issue=2 |pages=369–90 |year=1977 |pmid=200735 |pmc=1353577 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), approximately 3% of the global population are infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). More than 170 million people infected chronically around the world. *Its prevalence is varied among the nations, for example 1.3% to 1.6% of U.S. population are affected while up to 30% of Egypt population are infected with hepatitis C virus.<ref name="pmid200735">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bryan JS, Krasne FB |title=Presynaptic inhibition: the mechanism of protection from habituation of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response |journal=J. Physiol. (Lond.) |volume=271 |issue=2 |pages=369–90 |year=1977 |pmid=200735 |pmc=1353577 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
Figures in individual countries vary greatly: Approximately 2-4 million persons are infected with chronic HCV in USA, 5-10 million in Europe, and more than 10 million in India.<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization. Global Alert Response. Hepatitis C: Surveilance and control. Accessed online on July 27, 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo2003/en/index4.html</ref> | *Figures in individual countries vary greatly: Approximately 2-4 million persons are infected with chronic HCV in USA, 5-10 million in Europe, and more than 10 million in India.<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization. Global Alert Response. Hepatitis C: Surveilance and control. Accessed online on July 27, 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo2003/en/index4.html</ref> | ||
Acute HCV infection follows an asymptomatic course, which makes the accurate determination of HCV incidence difficult. Additionally, many countries lack sufficient epidemiological data.Nonetheless, it is presumed that approximately 150,000 new cases are reported in USA and Western Europe annually, whereas the incidence in Japan is as high as 350,000 new cases each year. More than 60-80% of patients with HCV infection continue to become chronic carriers of the disease, with an overall number of chronic carriers reaching approximately 170 million patients. The trend today is marked by progressive decrease in new HCV infections, demonstrating a remarkable 80% decrease since the infection was first discovered in 1989-1990.<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization. Global Alert Response. Hepatitis C: Surveilance and control. Accessed online on July 27, 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo2003/en/index4.html</ref> | *Acute HCV infection follows an asymptomatic course, which makes the accurate determination of HCV incidence difficult. Additionally, many countries lack sufficient epidemiological data.Nonetheless, it is presumed that approximately 150,000 new cases are reported in USA and Western Europe annually, whereas the incidence in Japan is as high as 350,000 new cases each year. More than 60-80% of patients with HCV infection continue to become chronic carriers of the disease, with an overall number of chronic carriers reaching approximately 170 million patients. The trend today is marked by progressive decrease in new HCV infections, demonstrating a remarkable 80% decrease since the infection was first discovered in 1989-1990.<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization. Global Alert Response. Hepatitis C: Surveilance and control. Accessed online on July 27, 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo2003/en/index4.html</ref> | ||
*In 2014, a total of 2,194 cases of acute hepatitis C were reported to CDC from 40 states. | *In 2014, a total of 2,194 cases of acute hepatitis C were reported to CDC from 40 states. | ||
*The overall incidence rate for 2014 was 0.7 cases per 100,000 population, an increase from 2010–2012.<ref name="urlCommentary | U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2014surveillance/commentary.htm#hepatitisC |title=Commentary | U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate= October 5,2016}}</ref> | *The overall incidence rate for 2014 was 0.7 cases per 100,000 population, an increase from 2010–2012.<ref name="urlCommentary | U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2014surveillance/commentary.htm#hepatitisC |title=Commentary | U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate= October 5,2016}}</ref> | ||
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===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
In 2014, rates among males and females in the united states were 0.8 and 0.7 cases per 100,000 population, respectively.<ref name="urlCommentary | U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2014surveillance/commentary.htm#hepatitisC |title=Commentary | U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
===Morbidity and Mortality=== | ===Morbidity and Mortality=== | ||
Revision as of 18:08, 5 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Yazan Daaboul; Serge Korjian
Overview
Hepatitis C is a major health problem affecting approximately 2 to 4 million people in the United States, 5 to 10 million people in Europe, and 12 million people in India. Approximtely 150 000 new cases occur annually in the US and in Western Europe although accurate incidence rates are difficult to estimate given the asymptomatic course early in the disease. While the disease appears to be declining, hepatitis C is still highly prevalent in specific areas of the world. Egypt is the country with the highest prevalence of HCV, HCV-associated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and the prevalence tends to increase with age, suggesting ongoing new cases of HCV. Approximately one-fourth of all cases of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are attributed to HCV worldwide. Hepatitis C affects males and females equally.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 3% of the global population are infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). More than 170 million people infected chronically around the world. *Its prevalence is varied among the nations, for example 1.3% to 1.6% of U.S. population are affected while up to 30% of Egypt population are infected with hepatitis C virus.[1]
- Figures in individual countries vary greatly: Approximately 2-4 million persons are infected with chronic HCV in USA, 5-10 million in Europe, and more than 10 million in India.[2]
- Acute HCV infection follows an asymptomatic course, which makes the accurate determination of HCV incidence difficult. Additionally, many countries lack sufficient epidemiological data.Nonetheless, it is presumed that approximately 150,000 new cases are reported in USA and Western Europe annually, whereas the incidence in Japan is as high as 350,000 new cases each year. More than 60-80% of patients with HCV infection continue to become chronic carriers of the disease, with an overall number of chronic carriers reaching approximately 170 million patients. The trend today is marked by progressive decrease in new HCV infections, demonstrating a remarkable 80% decrease since the infection was first discovered in 1989-1990.[2]
- In 2014, a total of 2,194 cases of acute hepatitis C were reported to CDC from 40 states.
- The overall incidence rate for 2014 was 0.7 cases per 100,000 population, an increase from 2010–2012.[3]
Prevalence of HCV rises significantly in specific populations[2]:
- Intravenous drug users: > 70% (Most cases of HCV infection nowadays)
- Hemophilia patients: > 70%
- Hemodialysis: 20-30%
Of note, nosocomial sources of HCV infection, such as infected blood and surgical products, have significantly been reduced due to testing of products prior to utilization.[2]
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Age
- The age of infected patients varies across regions. In USA, Australia, and Western Europe, more than 65% of HCV infections are observed in patients between 30-50 years.[4] These numbers suggest that most cases of HCV in these regions occurred before 1990. On the other hand, there is an increase of HCV prevalence with age in countries such as Turkey, Spain, Italy, Japan, China, and Egypt. Most patients in these countries are older than 50 years of age.[4]
- In 2014, among all age groups, persons aged 20–29 years had the highest rate (2.20 cases per 100,000 population) and persons aged 0–19 and ≥60 years had the lowest rate (0.12 cases per 100,000 population) of acute hepatitis C.[3]
Gender
In 2014, rates among males and females in the united states were 0.8 and 0.7 cases per 100,000 population, respectively.[3]
Morbidity and Mortality
Approximately 27% of cases of cirrhosis and 25% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are attributed to chronic HCV infection.[4]
Geographic Distribution
HCV is a global disease. The most endemic region of HCV - especially genotype 4a - is Egypt, due to previous non-hygenic medical and paramedical practices in the country.[4] As many as 25% of Egyptian blood donors are chronic carriers of HCV infection. On the other hand, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia have a low prevalence of HCV compared to other regions.[4]
In other countries, HCV is prevalent in specific regions rather than the entire counrty. Such patterns are seen in Italy, China, and Japan.[4]
References
- ↑ Bryan JS, Krasne FB (1977). "Presynaptic inhibition: the mechanism of protection from habituation of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response". J. Physiol. (Lond.). 271 (2): 369–90. PMC 1353577. PMID 200735.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 World Health Organization. Global Alert Response. Hepatitis C: Surveilance and control. Accessed online on July 27, 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo2003/en/index4.html
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Commentary | U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC". Retrieved October 5,2016. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Alter MJ (2007). "Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection". World J Gastroenterol. 13 (17): 2436–41. PMID 17552026.