Mycoplasma genitalium: Difference between revisions

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*'''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is less likely to be transmitted via oro-genital contact, as carriage in the [[oropharynx]] is low. <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref>  
*'''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is less likely to be transmitted via oro-genital contact, as carriage in the [[oropharynx]] is low. <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref>  
*Whether or not '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is vertically transmitted from mother to [[newborn]] is yet to be studied. However, the [[bacterium]] has been isolated from the respiratory tract of [[newborns]]. <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref>
*Whether or not '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is vertically transmitted from mother to [[newborn]] is yet to be studied. However, the [[bacterium]] has been isolated from the respiratory tract of [[newborns]]. <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref>
====Incubation Period====
====Incubation Period====
The [[incubation period]] of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is unknown yet.<ref name="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/mycoplasma-genitalium-eng.php Accessed on Oct 6, 2016.</ref>  
The [[incubation period]] of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is unknown yet.<ref name="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/mycoplasma-genitalium-eng.php Accessed on Oct 6, 2016.</ref>  
====Infectious Dose====
====Infectious Dose====
The infectious dose of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is unknown yet.<ref name="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/mycoplasma-genitalium-eng.php Accessed on Oct 6, 2016.</ref>
The infectious dose of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is unknown yet.<ref name="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/mycoplasma-genitalium-eng.php Accessed on Oct 6, 2016.</ref>
====Factors facilitating the pathogenesis of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]'''''====
The following virulence factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''': <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21734246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor-Robinson D, Jensen JS |title=Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to multicolored butterfly |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=498–514 |year=2011 |pmid=21734246 |pmc=3131060 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-11 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23391789">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sethi S, Singh G, Samanta P, Sharma M |title=Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen |journal=Indian J. Med. Res. |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=942–55 |year=2012 |pmid=23391789 |pmc=3612323 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Adhesion molecules: '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' has the ability to attach to different types of cells, including [[red blood cells]], [[respiratory]] cells, [[fallopian tube]] cells, as well as [[sperm]] cells. It is believed that the attachment to [[sperm cells]] facilitates the spread of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' to the [[female]] [[genital tract]]. MgPa, a major adhesion in attachment protein complex, facilitates not only [[adhesion]] to [[epithelial]] cells, but also the motility of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]'''''.
*[[Intracellular]] localization: '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is a facultative intracellular organism and this allows for its survival both inside and outside of cells.
*[[Antigenic]] variation: '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is able to generate surface lipoprotein with high frequency, which helps it evade the human [[immune system]].
*Toxins: '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' has a [[calcium]]-dependent membrane associated nuclease known as MG-186. MG-186 is capable of degrading [[host]] cell [[nucleic acid]], hence providing a source of [[nucleotides]] for the growth and pathogenesis of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]'''''.
*Enzymes: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase [[(GADPH)]] acts as a [[ligand]] to the [[receptors]] [[mucin]] and [[fibronectin]], found on [[vaginal]] and [[cervical]] [[epithelium]].
*Immunological response: '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' possesses an immunogenic protein, MG-309, which secretes pro-inflammatory [[cytokines]], such as IL-6 and IL-8. MG-309 exerts its effect via attaching to a [[toll-like receptor]], hence activating nuclear factor kappa B ([[NF-kB]])


===Genetics===
===Genetics===

Revision as of 19:22, 6 October 2016

Mycoplasma genitalium
File:Mycoplasma genitalium.gif
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Division: Firmicutes
Class: Mollicutes
Order: Mycoplasmatales
Family: Mycoplasmataceae
Genus: Mycoplasma
Species: M. genitalium
Binomial name
Mycoplasma genitalium
Tully et al., 1983


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]

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Overview

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Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Mode of Transmission

Incubation Period

The incubation period of Mycoplasma genitalium is unknown yet.[6]

Infectious Dose

The infectious dose of Mycoplasma genitalium is unknown yet.[6]

Factors facilitating the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium

The following virulence factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium: [2][1][7]

Genetics

Associated Conditions

Gross Pathology

Microscopic Pathology

Causes

Differentiating Mycoplasma genitalium infection from other diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

There several risk factors that have been identified with Mycoplasma genitalium infection. These risk factors include:[2][4][8]

  • High risk sexual behavior, defined as having >3 new sexual partners in the past year
  • Being engaged in sexual contact with persons with STDs, particularly Mycoplasma genitalium
  • Non-white race
  • Having a black partner
  • Young age (<20 years old)
  • Smoking
  • Having less than high school education
  • Having an annual income of less than $10,000
  • Risk factors specific to females includes:

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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Taylor-Robinson D, Jensen JS (2011). "Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to multicolored butterfly". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 24 (3): 498–514. doi:10.1128/CMR.00006-11. PMC 3131060. PMID 21734246.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H (2016). "Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. doi:10.1111/jdv.13850. PMID 27605499.
  3. "Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Summary of 2015 CDC Treatment Guidelines". J Miss State Med Assoc. 56 (12): 372–5. 2015. PMID 26975162.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, Dutro SM, Eschenbach DA, Stevens CE, Totten PA (2003). "Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium". J. Infect. Dis. 187 (4): 650–7. doi:10.1086/367992. PMID 12599082.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Ross JD, Jensen JS (2006). "Mycoplasma genitalium as a sexually transmitted infection: implications for screening, testing, and treatment". Sex Transm Infect. 82 (4): 269–71. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.017368. PMC 2564705. PMID 16877571.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Public Health Agency of Canada http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/mycoplasma-genitalium-eng.php Accessed on Oct 6, 2016.
  7. Sethi S, Singh G, Samanta P, Sharma M (2012). "Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen". Indian J. Med. Res. 136 (6): 942–55. PMC 3612323. PMID 23391789.
  8. Hancock EB, Manhart LE, Nelson SJ, Kerani R, Wroblewski JK, Totten PA (2010). "Comprehensive assessment of sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors for Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women". Sex Transm Dis. 37 (12): 777–83. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e8087e. PMC 4628821. PMID 20679963.