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==Overview==
==Overview==
Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] which can result in [[renal failure]], [[shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] which can result in [[renal failure]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>
==Natural history, complications, and prognosis==
==Natural history, complications, and prognosis==
===Natural history===
===Natural history===
Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] which can result in [[renal failure]], [[shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] which can result in [[renal failure]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>
===Complications===
===Complications===
Delayed initiation of rehydration and therapy leads to complications.
The major complications of cholera include:<ref name=Chol-comp>Cieza J, Sovero Y, Estremadoyro L, et al: Electrolyte disturbances in elderly patients with severe diarrhea due to cholera. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: pp. 1463</ref><ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
* [[Hypotension]]
* [[Hypotension]]
* [[Shock]]
* [Hypovolemic shock]]
* [[Coma]]
* [[Coma]]
* [[Renal failure]]
* [[Renal failure]]
* [[Electrolyte imbalance]]
* [[Electrolyte imbalance]]
**[[Hypokalemia]]  
**[[Hypokalemia]]  
**[Hypokalemia]]
**[[Hypocalcemia]] (occasionally)
* [[Metabolic acidosis]]
* [[Death]]
* [[Death]]
===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===

Revision as of 15:16, 7 October 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]; Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Overview

Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.[1] The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to hypotension and electrolyte imbalance (mostly hypokalemia). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to hypotension which can result in renal failure, hypovolemic shock, coma and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to nephropathy and focal myocardial necrosis. Among the children, hypoglycemia is common and can lead to seizures.[2] If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.[3][4]

Natural history, complications, and prognosis

Natural history

Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.[1] The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to hypotension and electrolyte imbalance (mostly hypokalemia). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to hypotension which can result in renal failure, hypovolemic shock, coma and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to nephropathy and focal myocardial necrosis. Among the children, hypoglycemia is common and can lead to seizures.[2] If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.[3][5]

Complications

The major complications of cholera include:[6][2]

Prognosis

  • If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.[3][7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 376&ndash, 7. ISBN 0838585299.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK (2004). "Cholera". Lancet. 363 (9404): 223–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7. PMID 14738797. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Todar, Kenneth. "Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  5. ↑ Todar, Kenneth. "Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  6. ↑ Cieza J, Sovero Y, Estremadoyro L, et al: Electrolyte disturbances in elderly patients with severe diarrhea due to cholera. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: pp. 1463
  7. ↑ Todar, Kenneth. "Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved 2010-12-20.

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