Diphtheria natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Diphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease which can lead to severe complications like respiratory failure, myocarditis, polyneuropathies and death once the disease sets in. | Diphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease which can lead to severe complications like respiratory failure, myocarditis, polyneuropathies and death once the disease sets in. | ||
==Natural history== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
===Natural history=== | |||
==Complications== | ===Complications=== | ||
Complications that can develop as a result of diphtheria are:<ref name=CDCdiphtheria>http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/complications.html Accessed on October 7, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid14069096">{{cite journal| author=MORGAN BC| title=CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS OF DIPHTHERIA. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1963 | volume= 32 | issue= | pages= 549-57 | pmid=14069096 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14069096 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19127670">{{cite journal| author=Anima H, Malay M, Santanu H, Rajashree R, Sita C, Baran SA| title=A study on determinants of occurrence of complications and fatality among diphtheria cases admitted to ID & BG Hospital of Kolkata. | journal=J Commun Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 53-8 | pmid=19127670 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19127670 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9026877">{{cite journal| author=Reidermann MI| title=[Cardiac complications in adult diphtheria: analysis of 212 cases]. | journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) | year= 1996 | volume= 85 | issue= 51-52 | pages= 1647-51 | pmid=9026877 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9026877 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24365424">{{cite journal| author=Sanghi V| title=Neurologic manifestations of diphtheria and pertussis. | journal=Handb Clin Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 121 | issue= | pages= 1355-9 | pmid=24365424 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00092-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24365424 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27260583">{{cite journal| author=Jain A, Samdani S, Meena V, Sharma MP| title=Diphtheria: It is still prevalent!!! | journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2016 | volume= 86 | issue= | pages= 68-71 | pmid=27260583 | doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.04.024 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27260583 }} </ref><ref name=WHOD>http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/diphtheria/en/index1.html Accessed on October 7, 2016</ref> | Complications that can develop as a result of diphtheria are:<ref name=CDCdiphtheria>http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/complications.html Accessed on October 7, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid14069096">{{cite journal| author=MORGAN BC| title=CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS OF DIPHTHERIA. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1963 | volume= 32 | issue= | pages= 549-57 | pmid=14069096 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14069096 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19127670">{{cite journal| author=Anima H, Malay M, Santanu H, Rajashree R, Sita C, Baran SA| title=A study on determinants of occurrence of complications and fatality among diphtheria cases admitted to ID & BG Hospital of Kolkata. | journal=J Commun Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 53-8 | pmid=19127670 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19127670 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9026877">{{cite journal| author=Reidermann MI| title=[Cardiac complications in adult diphtheria: analysis of 212 cases]. | journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) | year= 1996 | volume= 85 | issue= 51-52 | pages= 1647-51 | pmid=9026877 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9026877 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24365424">{{cite journal| author=Sanghi V| title=Neurologic manifestations of diphtheria and pertussis. | journal=Handb Clin Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 121 | issue= | pages= 1355-9 | pmid=24365424 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00092-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24365424 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27260583">{{cite journal| author=Jain A, Samdani S, Meena V, Sharma MP| title=Diphtheria: It is still prevalent!!! | journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2016 | volume= 86 | issue= | pages= 68-71 | pmid=27260583 | doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.04.024 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27260583 }} </ref><ref name=WHOD>http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/diphtheria/en/index1.html Accessed on October 7, 2016</ref> | ||
* [[Respiratory failure]] | * [[Respiratory failure]] | ||
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* [[Death]] | * [[Death]] | ||
==Prognosis== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
*The overall case-fatality rate for diphtheria is 5%–10%, with higher death rates (up to 20%) among persons younger than 5 and older than 40 years of age. The case-fatality rate for diphtheria has changed very little during the last 50 years. | *The overall case-fatality rate for diphtheria is 5%–10%, with higher death rates (up to 20%) among persons younger than 5 and older than 40 years of age. The case-fatality rate for diphtheria has changed very little during the last 50 years. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] |
Revision as of 18:55, 7 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[2] Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[3]
Overview
Diphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease which can lead to severe complications like respiratory failure, myocarditis, polyneuropathies and death once the disease sets in.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural history
Complications
Complications that can develop as a result of diphtheria are:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Respiratory failure
- Myocarditis
- Heart failure
- Polyneuropathies
- 10th cranial nerve disorder
- 9th cranial nerve disorder
- Peripheral motor neuropathy
- Acute renal failure
- Death
Prognosis
- The overall case-fatality rate for diphtheria is 5%–10%, with higher death rates (up to 20%) among persons younger than 5 and older than 40 years of age. The case-fatality rate for diphtheria has changed very little during the last 50 years.
- The disease can be prevented by vaccines. However, the prognosis is not good once the disease sets in.
References
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/complications.html Accessed on October 7, 2016
- ↑ MORGAN BC (1963). "CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS OF DIPHTHERIA". Pediatrics. 32: 549–57. PMID 14069096.
- ↑ Anima H, Malay M, Santanu H, Rajashree R, Sita C, Baran SA (2008). "A study on determinants of occurrence of complications and fatality among diphtheria cases admitted to ID & BG Hospital of Kolkata". J Commun Dis. 40 (1): 53–8. PMID 19127670.
- ↑ Reidermann MI (1996). "[Cardiac complications in adult diphtheria: analysis of 212 cases]". Praxis (Bern 1994). 85 (51–52): 1647–51. PMID 9026877.
- ↑ Sanghi V (2014). "Neurologic manifestations of diphtheria and pertussis". Handb Clin Neurol. 121: 1355–9. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00092-4. PMID 24365424.
- ↑ Jain A, Samdani S, Meena V, Sharma MP (2016). "Diphtheria: It is still prevalent!!!". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 86: 68–71. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.04.024. PMID 27260583.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/diphtheria/en/index1.html Accessed on October 7, 2016