Bacterial vaginosis causes: Difference between revisions
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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include:<ref name="pmid17434799">{{cite journal| author=Donders GG| title=Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2007 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 355-73 | pmid=17434799 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17434799 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19399292">{{cite journal| author=Livengood CH| title=Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009. | journal=Rev Obstet Gynecol | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-37 | pmid=19399292 | doi= | pmc=2672999 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19399292 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis]] | |||
**It has also been detected in culture samples from nearly all symptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and in approximately 50% of healthy women | |||
*[[Mobiluncus|Mobiluncus spp.]] | |||
*[[Mycoplasma|Mycoplasma hominis]] | |||
* [[Ureaplasma]] | |||
* [[Anaerobes]] | * [[Anaerobes]] | ||
** Prevotella | ** [[Prevotella|Prevotella spp.]] | ||
** | **[[Bacteroides|Bacteroides spp.]] | ||
* | **[[Peptostreptococcus|Peptostreptococcus spp.]] | ||
* [[ | **[[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium spp.]] | ||
* [[ | **[[Porphyromonas|Porphyromonas spp.]] | ||
Most cases of bacterial vaginosis occur in sexually active women between the ages of 15 and 44, especially after contact with a new partner. [[Condom]]s may provide some protection and there is no evidence that [[spermicide]] increases BV risk. Although BV appears to be associated with [[sexual activity]], there is no clear evidence of sexual transmission.<ref name="Bradshaw2006">{{cite journal | author=Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J, ''et al.'' | title=High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence | journal=J Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=193 | issue=11 | pages=1478–86 }}</ref> | Most cases of bacterial vaginosis occur in sexually active women between the ages of 15 and 44, especially after contact with a new partner. [[Condom]]s may provide some protection and there is no evidence that [[spermicide]] increases BV risk. Although BV appears to be associated with [[sexual activity]], there is no clear evidence of sexual transmission.<ref name="Bradshaw2006">{{cite journal | author=Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J, ''et al.'' | title=High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence | journal=J Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=193 | issue=11 | pages=1478–86 }}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 18:54, 12 October 2016
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Bacterial vaginosis Microchapters |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Bacterial vaginosis causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Bacterial vaginosis causes |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Bacterial vaginosis causes |
Overview
A healthy vagina normally contains many microorganisms, some of the common ones are Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii. Lactobacillus, particularly hydrogen peroxide-producing species, appears to help prevent other vaginal microorganisms from multiplying to a level where they cause symptoms. (Note: Lactobacillus acidophilus is not one of the species of Lactobacillusidentified as playing a protective role in vaginal flora.) The microorganisms involved in BV are very diverse, but include Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, and Mycoplasma. A change in normal bacterial flora including the reduction of lactobacillus, which may be due to the use of antibiotics or pH imbalance, allows more resistant bacteria to gain a foothold and multiply. In turn these produce toxins which affect the body's natural defenses and make re-colonization of healthy bacteria more difficult.
Causes
Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include:[1][2]
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- It has also been detected in culture samples from nearly all symptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and in approximately 50% of healthy women
- Mobiluncus spp.
- Mycoplasma hominis
- Ureaplasma
- Anaerobes
Most cases of bacterial vaginosis occur in sexually active women between the ages of 15 and 44, especially after contact with a new partner. Condoms may provide some protection and there is no evidence that spermicide increases BV risk. Although BV appears to be associated with sexual activity, there is no clear evidence of sexual transmission.[3]
Rather, BV is a disordering of the chemical and biological balance of the normal flora. Recent research is exploring the link between sexual partner treatment and eradication of recurrent cases of BV. Pregnant women and women with sexually transmitted infections are especially at risk for getting this infection. Bacterial vaginosis does not usually affect women after menopause. A 2005 study by researchers at Ghent University in Belgium showed that subclinical iron deficiency (anemia) was a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. A longitudinal study published in February 2006 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology showed a link between psychosocial stress and bacterial vaginosis independent of other risk factors.
Gallery
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![This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/images/1/11/Bacterial_vaginosis01.jpeg)
This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]
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This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony.
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![This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/images/8/89/Bacterial_vaginosis03.jpeg)
This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]
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![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/images/a/a3/Bacterial_vaginosis04.jpeg)
This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]
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![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/images/0/03/Bacterial_vaginosis05.jpeg)
This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]
![This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis01.jpeg)
![This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis03.jpeg)
![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis04.jpeg)
![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [4]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis05.jpeg)
References
- ↑ Donders GG (2007). "Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21 (3): 355–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002. PMID 17434799.
- ↑ Livengood CH (2009). "Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009". Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2 (1): 28–37. PMC 2672999. PMID 19399292.
- ↑ Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J; et al. (2006). "High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence". J Infect Dis. 193 (11): 1478&ndash, 86.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".