Pelvic inflammatory disease causes: Difference between revisions

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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]] <ref name="pmid22534388">{{cite journal| author=Gradison M| title=Pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 85 | issue= 8 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=22534388 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22534388  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17948752">{{cite journal| author=Hoof K| title=[Pelvic inflammatory disease]. | journal=Ther Umsch | year= 2007 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 365-8 | pmid=17948752 | doi=10.1024/0040-5930.64.7.365 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17948752  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7859910">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinonen PK, Miettinen A |title=Laparoscopic study on the microbiology and severity of acute pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=85–9 |year=1994 |pmid=7859910 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]] <ref name="pmid22534388">{{cite journal| author=Gradison M| title=Pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 85 | issue= 8 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=22534388 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22534388  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17948752">{{cite journal| author=Hoof K| title=[Pelvic inflammatory disease]. | journal=Ther Umsch | year= 2007 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 365-8 | pmid=17948752 | doi=10.1024/0040-5930.64.7.365 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17948752  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7859910">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinonen PK, Miettinen A |title=Laparoscopic study on the microbiology and severity of acute pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=85–9 |year=1994 |pmid=7859910 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]<ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS, Wang SP, Wentworth BB, MacCormack WM, Holmes KK |title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=293 |issue=4 |pages=166–71 |year=1975 |pmid=806017 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22534388">{{cite journal| author=Gradison M| title=Pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 85 | issue= 8 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=22534388 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22534388  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17948752">{{cite journal| author=Hoof K| title=[Pelvic inflammatory disease]. | journal=Ther Umsch | year= 2007 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 365-8 | pmid=17948752 | doi=10.1024/0040-5930.64.7.365 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17948752  }} </ref>
*[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]<ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS, Wang SP, Wentworth BB, MacCormack WM, Holmes KK |title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=293 |issue=4 |pages=166–71 |year=1975 |pmid=806017 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22534388">{{cite journal| author=Gradison M| title=Pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 85 | issue= 8 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=22534388 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22534388  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17948752">{{cite journal| author=Hoof K| title=[Pelvic inflammatory disease]. | journal=Ther Umsch | year= 2007 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 365-8 | pmid=17948752 | doi=10.1024/0040-5930.64.7.365 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17948752  }} </ref>
*[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]<ref name="pmid22483084">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K |title=Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=206 |issue=6 |pages=476.e1–8 |year=2012 |pmid=22483084 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.036 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1253468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galask RP, Larsen B, Ohm MJ |title=Vaginal flora and its role in disease entities |journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–81 |year=1976 |pmid=1253468 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]<ref name="pmid22483084">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K |title=Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=206 |issue=6 |pages=476.e1–8 |year=2012 |pmid=22483084 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.036 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1253468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galask RP, Larsen B, Ohm MJ |title=Vaginal flora and its role in disease entities |journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–81 |year=1976 |pmid=1253468 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


Revision as of 17:19, 17 October 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2];Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common causes of pelvic inflammatory disease include Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Other causes of pelvic inflammatory disease include Bacteroides, Enterococci, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Ureaplasma urealyticum, gram negative rods, and anaerobes.

Causes

Common Causes

Less common causes

  • Anaerobes such as peptostreptococcus spp and prevotella spp
  • Pathogens associated with BV inculuding: atopobium vaginae and leptotrichia spp[7]
  • Mixed infection: Sometimes, it is caused by mixed flora including, bacteroides, enterococci, staphylococci, streptococci, ureaplasma urealyticum, e.coli, klebsiella spp, proteus mirabilis, haemophilus spp and gram negative rods

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) (patient information)
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Curettage, endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, intrauterine device, uterine transplant
Infectious Disease Acinetobacter, actinomyces, actinomycosis, bacterial vaginosis, bacteroides, campylobacter, cervicitis, chlamydia infection, chlamydia trachomatis, clostridium, coagulase-negative staphylococcus, cytomegalovirus, endometritis, enterococcus, escherichia coli, fusobacterium , gardnerella, gonorrhea, group A streptococci, group B streptococcal infection, hemophilus influenza, herpes simplex virus 2, HIV AIDS, klebsiella, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma, neisseria gonorrhoeae, non-gonococcal urethritis, peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, prevotella, proteus mirabilis, salpingitis, sphingomonas, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus, the clap, trichomoniasis, ureaplasma urealyticum
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Abortion, bacterial vaginosis, cervicitis, childbirth, curettage, diaphragm (contraceptive), douche, endometrial biopsy, endometriosis, endometritis, estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) (patient information), hysteroscopy, intrauterine device, miscarriage, nabothian cyst, oophoritis, ovarian cyst, polycystic ovary syndrome, salpingitis, uterine transplant
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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3

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gradison M (2012). "Pelvic inflammatory disease". Am Fam Physician. 85 (8): 791–6. PMID 22534388.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hoof K (2007). "[Pelvic inflammatory disease]". Ther Umsch. 64 (7): 365–8. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.64.7.365. PMID 17948752.
  3. ↑ Heinonen PK, Miettinen A (1994). "Laparoscopic study on the microbiology and severity of acute pelvic inflammatory disease". Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 57 (2): 85–9. PMID 7859910.
  4. ↑ Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS, Wang SP, Wentworth BB, MacCormack WM, Holmes KK (1975). "Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (4): 166–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM197507242930403. PMID 806017.
  5. ↑ Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K (2012). "Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 206 (6): 476.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.036. PMID 22483084.
  6. ↑ Galask RP, Larsen B, Ohm MJ (1976). "Vaginal flora and its role in disease entities". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 19 (1): 61–81. PMID 1253468.
  7. ↑ Hebb JK, Cohen CR, Astete SG, Bukusi EA, Totten PA (2004). "Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction". J. Infect. Dis. 190 (12): 2109–20. doi:10.1086/425929. PMID 15551209.

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