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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Hematochezia}} | | {{Hematochezia}} |
| {{CMG} }{{AE}} {{LRO}} {{AP}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}} {{LRO}} {{AP}} |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| In adults, the most common causes are [[hemorrhoid]]s and [[diverticulosis]], both of which are relatively benign; however, it can also be caused by [[colorectal cancer]]. In a newborn infant ([[neonate]]), hematochezia may be the result of swallowed maternal blood at the time of delivery, but can also be an initial symptom of [[necrotizing enterocolitis]], a serious condition affecting premature infants. In [[adolescent]]s and young adults, [[inflammatory bowel disease]], particularly [[ulcerative colitis]], is a serious cause of hematochezia that must be considered and excluded. | | In adults, the most common causes are [[hemorrhoid]]s and [[diverticulosis]], both of which are relatively benign; however, it can also be caused by [[colorectal cancer]]. In a newborn infant ([[neonate]]), hematochezia may be the result of swallowed maternal blood at the time of delivery, but can also be an initial symptom of [[necrotizing enterocolitis]], a serious condition affecting premature infants. In [[adolescent]]s and young adults, [[inflammatory bowel disease]], particularly [[ulcerative colitis]], is a serious cause of hematochezia that must be considered and excluded. |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S. Alberto Plate [2]
Overview
In adults, the most common causes are hemorrhoids and diverticulosis, both of which are relatively benign; however, it can also be caused by colorectal cancer. In a newborn infant (neonate), hematochezia may be the result of swallowed maternal blood at the time of delivery, but can also be an initial symptom of necrotizing enterocolitis, a serious condition affecting premature infants. In adolescents and young adults, inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis, is a serious cause of hematochezia that must be considered and excluded.
Hematochezia can be due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, as the blood from such a bleeding is usually chemically modified by action of acid and enzymes, it presents more commonly as melena.
Causes
Common Causes
The lower part of the GI tract will usually cause maroon or bright red, bloody stools due to:
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
|
Arteriovenous malformations , Bowel ischemia, Bowel strangulation, Cholesterol embolism, Degos disease, Esophageal varices, Hemorrhoids , Hepatic arterioportal fistula, Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Idiopathic colonic varices, Leukocytoclastic angiitis, Microscopic polyangiitis, Oesophageal varices, Portal hypertension, Ruptured esophageal varices, Superior mesenteric artery occlusion, Vascular malformation, Vasculitis
|
| Chemical/Poisoning
|
Arsenicals, Brown snake poisoning , Ethylene glycol, Mercury
|
| Dental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dermatologic
|
Henoch-schönlein purpura
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
Alosetron, Bevacizumab, Clopidogrel, Cobimetinib, Colchicine, Dicoumarol, Doxorubicin hydrochloride, Hydroxocobalamin, Indomethacin, Melarsoprol, Phenprocoumon, Phenylbutazone, Warfarin, Ziv-aflibercept
|
| Ear Nose Throat
|
No underlying causes
|
| Endocrine
|
No underlying causes
|
| Environmental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Gastroenterologic
|
Angiodysplasia, Angiostrongyliasis, Bacillary dysentery, Bacterial enterocolitis, Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, Bowel ischemia, Bowel strangulation, Colon polyps , Colonic diverticulitis, Colonic diverticulosis, Colonic tubular adenomata, Colonic villous adenomata, Colonoscopy, Colorectal cancer, Crohn's disease, Dieulafoy's ulcer, Diverticulitis, Diverticulosis, Familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner's syndrome, Gastric antral vascular ectasia, Gastric cancer, Gastric volvulus, Gastroduodenal ulcers, Hemorrhoids , Idiopathic colonic varices, Inflammatory bowel disease , Inflammatory myoglandular polyp, Intususception of intestine, Mallory-weiss syndrome, Meckel diverticulitis, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Oesophageal cancer, Oesophageal foreign body, Oesophageal varices, Peptic ulcer, Peutz-jeghers syndrome, Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, Polypectomy, Portal hypertension, Proctitis, Proctosigmoidoscopy, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum recessive type 1, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Rectal cancer, Rectal foreign body, Rectal gastric mucosa heterotopia, Ruptured esophageal varices, Salmonellosis, Sigmoid colon cancer, Small bowel lymphoma, Small bowel tumor, Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, Staphylococcal food poisoning, Strongyloidiasis, Trichuriasis, Ulcerative colitis, Ulcerative proctitis, Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Vascular malformation, Vasculitis, Watermelon stomach
|
| Genetic
|
Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis, Ehlers-danlos syndrome, Endometriosis, Familial adenomatous polyposis, Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Meckel diverticulitis, Peutz-jeghers syndrome, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum recessive type 1, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome
|
| Hematologic
|
Angiodysplasia, Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, Clopidogrel, Coagulation disorders, Gastric antral vascular ectasia, Leukocytoclastic angiitis, Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Warfarin, Watermelon stomach, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome
|
| Iatrogenic
|
Colonoscopy, Intususception of intestine, Polypectomy, Proctosigmoidoscopy
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Acanthocephaliasis, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Angiostrongyliasis, Bacillary dysentery, Bacterial enterocolitis, Balantidiasis, Colitis cystica profunda, Colitis, Entamoeba histolytica, Esophageal cyst, Inflammatory bowel disease , Leptospirosis, Necator americanus , Necrotizing enterocolitis, Salmonellosis, Schistosoma mansoni, Shigella, Staphylococcal food poisoning, Strongyloidiasis, Trichuriasis, Typhoid fever, Ulcerative colitis, Ulcerative proctitis
|
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
|
Pelvic fracture,
|
| Neurologic
|
Labrune syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1
|
| Nutritional/Metabolic
|
Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, Iron compounds, Zinc
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
Endometriosis,
|
| Oncologic
|
Anal cancer, Colon polyps , Colorectal cancer, Gardner's syndrome, Gastric cancer, Inflammatory myoglandular polyp, Kaposi's sarcoma, Labrune syndrome, Oesophageal cancer, Rectal cancer, Sigmoid colon cancer, Small bowel lymphoma, Small bowel tumor
|
| Ophthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose/Toxicity
|
Anthrax, Arsenic trioxide
|
| Psychiatric
|
No underlying causes
|
| Pulmonary
|
No underlying causes
|
| Renal/Electrolyte
|
Renal failure
|
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
|
No underlying causes
|
| Sexual
|
No underlying causes
|
| Trauma
|
Anal fissure, Foreign body, Intense exercise, Mallory-weiss syndrome, Oesophageal foreign body, Pelvic fracture, Rectal foreign body, Rectal gastric mucosa heterotopia
|
| Urologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Miscellaneous
|
No underlying causes
|
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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columns-list}}.
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Reference