Ischemic stroke laboratory findings: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
==Laboratory Findings==
==Laboratory Findings==
Labortary tests may help determine the risk factors complications of ischemic stroke. Blood tests which may be performed include:
Laboratory tests may help determine the risk factors, cause, complications and differential diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Blood tests which may be performed include:
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*[[Leukocytosis]] and [[Thrombocytosis]]
*[[Leukocytosis]] and [[Thrombocytosis]]
*[[polycythemia]]
*[[polycythemia]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia|thrombocytopenia,]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia|thrombocytopenia,]]<ref name="pmid26288669">{{cite journal| author=Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA| title=Absolute and Relative Contraindications to IV rt-PA for Acute Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Neurohospitalist | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 110-21 | pmid=26288669 | doi=10.1177/1941874415578532 | pmc=4530420 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26288669  }} </ref>
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*May suggest underlying infection
*May suggest underlying infection
*Increased risk of thrombotic event
*Increased risk of thrombotic event
*May increase the risk of bleeding in pateints eligible for thrombolytic therapy
*May increase the risk of bleeding in patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy<ref name="pmid26288669">{{cite journal| author=Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA| title=Absolute and Relative Contraindications to IV rt-PA for Acute Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Neurohospitalist | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 110-21 | pmid=26288669 | doi=10.1177/1941874415578532 | pmc=4530420 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26288669  }} </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Lipid profile|'''Lipid profile''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Lipid profile|'''Lipid profile''']]
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*Increased [[LDL]], [[triglycerides]] and [[cholesterol]]  
*Increased [[LDL]], [[triglycerides]] and [[cholesterol]]  
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*May increase the risk of thromboembolic event
*May increase the risk of thromboembolic event<ref name="pmid19901173">{{cite journal| author=Willey JZ, Xu Q, Boden-Albala B, Paik MC, Moon YP, Sacco RL et al.| title=Lipid profile components and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 2009 | volume= 66 | issue= 11 | pages= 1400-6 | pmid=19901173 | doi=10.1001/archneurol.2009.210 | pmc=2830863 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19901173  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24250834">{{cite journal| author=Togha M, Gheini MR, Ahmadi B, Khashaiar P, Razeghi S| title=Lipid profile in cerebrovascular accidents. | journal=Iran J Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 10 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 1-4 | pmid=24250834 | doi= | pmc=3829214 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24250834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24696996">{{cite journal| author=Lisak M, Demarin V, Trkanjec Z, Basić-Kes V| title=Hypertriglyceridemia as a possible independent risk factor for stroke. | journal=Acta Clin Croat | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 458-63 | pmid=24696996 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24696996  }} </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[PT|'''PT''']]'''/[[APTT]]/[[INR]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[PT|'''PT''']]'''/[[APTT]]/[[INR]]'''
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*Increased PT/APTT/INR
*Increased PT/APTT/INR
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*May increase the risk of bleeding in patients eligible for anticoagualant therapy
*May increase the risk of bleeding in patients eligible for anticoagualant therapy<ref name="pmid25081309">{{cite journal| author=Lee VH, Conners JJ, Cutting S, Song SY, Bernstein RA, Prabhakaran S| title=Elevated international normalized ratio as a manifestation of post-thrombolytic coagulopathy in acute ischemic stroke. | journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 23 | issue= 8 | pages= 2139-44 | pmid=25081309 | doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.03.021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25081309  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26288669">{{cite journal| author=Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA| title=Absolute and Relative Contraindications to IV rt-PA for Acute Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Neurohospitalist | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 110-21 | pmid=26288669 | doi=10.1177/1941874415578532 | pmc=4530420 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26288669  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23983849">{{cite journal| author=Miller DJ, Simpson JR, Silver B| title=Safety of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a review of complications, risk factors, and newer technologies. | journal=Neurohospitalist | year= 2011 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 138-47 | pmid=23983849 | doi=10.1177/1941875211408731 | pmc=3726129 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23983849  }} </ref>
*May suggest underlying coagulation disorder
*May suggest underlying coagulation disorder
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*Increased BUN and creatinine
*Increased BUN and creatinine
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*Mild to moderate renal dysfunction is an independant risk factor for ischemic stroke
*Mild to moderate renal dysfunction is an independant risk factor for ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid16864812">{{cite journal| author=Koren-Morag N, Goldbourt U, Tanne D| title=Renal dysfunction and risk of ischemic stroke or TIA in patients with cardiovascular disease. | journal=Neurology | year= 2006 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 224-8 | pmid=16864812 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000229099.62706.a3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16864812  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25526464">{{cite journal| author=Hao Z, Yang C, Liu M, Wu B| title=Renal dysfunction and thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2014 | volume= 93 | issue= 28 | pages= e286 | pmid=25526464 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000000286 | pmc=4603096 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25526464  }} </ref>
*May be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke  
*May be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid25526464">{{cite journal| author=Hao Z, Yang C, Liu M, Wu B| title=Renal dysfunction and thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2014 | volume= 93 | issue= 28 | pages= e286 | pmid=25526464 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000000286 | pmc=4603096 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25526464  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25091540">{{cite journal| author=Laible M, Horstmann S, Rizos T, Rauch G, Zorn M, Veltkamp R| title=Prevalence of renal dysfunction in ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients with or without atrial fibrillation. | journal=Eur J Neurol | year= 2015 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 64-9, e4-5 | pmid=25091540 | doi=10.1111/ene.12528 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25091540  }} </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''Serum [[Homocysteine|homocysteine]] level'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''Serum [[Homocysteine|homocysteine]] level'''
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*Increased levels of serum homocysteine levels
*Increased levels of serum homocysteine levels
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*May be associated with increased risk of thromboembolic event
*May be associated with increased risk of thromboembolic event<ref name="pmid27629768">{{cite journal| author=Yao ES, Tang Y, Xie MJ, Wang MH, Wang H, Luo X| title=Elevated Homocysteine Level Related to Poor Outcome After Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Med Sci Monit | year= 2016 | volume= 22 | issue=  | pages= 3268-73 | pmid=27629768 | doi= | pmc=5034885 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27629768  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24174694">{{cite journal| author=Ashjazadeh N, Fathi M, Shariat A| title=Evaluation of Homocysteine Level as a Risk Factor among Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Its Subtypes. | journal=Iran J Med Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 233-9 | pmid=24174694 | doi= | pmc=3808947 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24174694  }} </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Basic metabolic panel|'''Basic metabolic panel''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Basic metabolic panel|'''Basic metabolic panel''']]
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*Increased or decreased serum NA2+, K+, Ca2+
*Increased or decreased serum NA2+, K+, Ca2+
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*May mimic or complicate patients with ischemic stroke
*May mimic or complicate patients with ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid23134903">{{cite journal| author=Alam MN, Uddin MJ, Rahman KM, Ahmed S, Akhter M, Nahar N et al.| title=Electrolyte changes in stroke. | journal=Mymensingh Med J | year= 2012 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 594-9 | pmid=23134903 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23134903  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21510233">{{cite journal| author=Guven H, Cilliler AE, Koker C, Sarikaya SA, Comoglu SS| title=Association of serum calcium levels with clinical severity of acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Acta Neurol Belg | year= 2011 | volume= 111 | issue= 1 | pages= 45-9 | pmid=21510233 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21510233  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23966823">{{cite journal| author=Farahmand F, Choobi Anzali B, Heshmat R, Ghafouri HB, Hamedanchi S| title=Serum Sodium and Potassium Levels in Cerebro-vascular Accident Patients. | journal=Malays J Med Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 39-43 | pmid=23966823 | doi= | pmc=3743980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23966823  }} </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[HbA1C|'''HbA1C''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[HbA1C|'''HbA1C''']]
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*May suggest control of diabetes in past few months
*May suggest control of diabetes in past few months
*Increased levels associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke
*Increased levels associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid22111048">{{cite journal| author=Oh HG, Rhee EJ, Kim TW, Lee KB, Park JH, Yang KI et al.| title=Higher glycated hemoglobin level is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke in non-diabetic korean male adults. | journal=Diabetes Metab J | year= 2011 | volume= 35 | issue= 5 | pages= 551-7 | pmid=22111048 | doi=10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.551 | pmc=3221032 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22111048  }} </ref>
*May be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke
*May be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke
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*Increased or decreased levels of blood glucose
*Increased or decreased levels of blood glucose
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*[[Hyperglycemia]] is associated with poor prognosis of ischemic stroke
*[[Hyperglycemia]] is associated with poor prognosis of ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid11493160">{{cite journal| author=Kagansky N, Levy S, Knobler H| title=The role of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 2001 | volume= 58 | issue= 8 | pages= 1209-12 | pmid=11493160 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11493160  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20848328">{{cite journal| author=Bruno A, Liebeskind D, Hao Q, Raychev R, UCLA Stroke Investigators| title=Diabetes mellitus, acute hyperglycemia, and ischemic stroke. | journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 6 | pages= 492-503 | pmid=20848328 | doi=10.1007/s11940-010-0093-6 | pmc=2943579 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20848328  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21861124">{{cite journal| author=Baker L, Juneja R, Bruno A| title=Management of hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= 616-28 | pmid=21861124 | doi=10.1007/s11940-011-0143-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21861124  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17099262">{{cite journal| author=Gilmore RM, Stead LG| title=The role of hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Neurocrit Care | year= 2006 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 153-8 | pmid=17099262 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17099262  }} </ref>
*Hypoglycemia may complicate or mimic patients with ischemic stroke
*Hypoglycemia may complicate or mimic patients with ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid21211743">{{cite journal| author=Radermecker RP, Scheen AJ| title=Management of blood glucose in patients with stroke. | journal=Diabetes Metab | year= 2010 | volume= 36 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= S94-9 | pmid=21211743 | doi=10.1016/S1262-3636(10)70474-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21211743  }} </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiac enzymes|'''Cardiac enzymes''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiac enzymes|'''Cardiac enzymes''']]
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*Increased serum levels of Trop I, Trop T, CK-MB
*Increased serum levels of Trop I, Trop T, CK-MB
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*May suggest ongoing myocardial ischemia
*May suggest ongoing myocardial ischemia<ref name="pmid505497">{{cite journal| author=Norris JW, Hachinski VC, Myers MG, Callow J, Wong T, Moore RW| title=Serum cardiac enzymes in stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 1979 | volume= 10 | issue= 5 | pages= 548-53 | pmid=505497 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=505497  }} </ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pregnancy test|'''Pregnancy test''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pregnancy test|'''Pregnancy test''']]
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*Serum and urine B-HCG
*Serum and urine B-HCG
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*Rule out pregnancy in all female patients with ischemic stroke since t-PA is a class C agent
*Rule out pregnancy in all female patients with ischemic stroke since t-PA is a class C agent<ref name="pmid23632643">{{cite journal| author=Grear KE, Bushnell CD| title=Stroke and pregnancy: clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment, and epidemiology. | journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol | year= 2013 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 350-9 | pmid=23632643 | doi=10.1097/GRF.0b013e31828f25fa | pmc=3671374 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23632643  }} </ref>
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Revision as of 20:50, 17 November 2016

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Ischemic stroke laboratory findings

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Laboratory Findings

Laboratory tests may help determine the risk factors, cause, complications and differential diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Blood tests which may be performed include:

Blood test Test result Rationale
Complete blood count
  • May suggest underlying infection
  • Increased risk of thrombotic event
  • May increase the risk of bleeding in patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy[1]
Lipid profile
  • May increase the risk of thromboembolic event[2][3][4]
PT/APTT/INR
  • Increased PT/APTT/INR
  • May increase the risk of bleeding in patients eligible for anticoagualant therapy[5][1][6]
  • May suggest underlying coagulation disorder
BUN/Creatinine
  • Increased BUN and creatinine
  • Mild to moderate renal dysfunction is an independant risk factor for ischemic stroke[7][8]
  • May be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke[8][9]
Serum homocysteine level
  • Increased levels of serum homocysteine levels
  • May be associated with increased risk of thromboembolic event[10][11]
Basic metabolic panel
  • Increased or decreased serum NA2+, K+, Ca2+
  • May mimic or complicate patients with ischemic stroke[12][13][14]
HbA1C
  • Increased levels of HbA1c
  • May suggest control of diabetes in past few months
  • Increased levels associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke[15]
  • May be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke
Blood glucose levels
  • Increased or decreased levels of blood glucose
Cardiac enzymes
  • Increased serum levels of Trop I, Trop T, CK-MB
  • May suggest ongoing myocardial ischemia[21]
Pregnancy test
  • Serum and urine B-HCG
  • Rule out pregnancy in all female patients with ischemic stroke since t-PA is a class C agent[22]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA (2015). "Absolute and Relative Contraindications to IV rt-PA for Acute Ischemic Stroke". Neurohospitalist. 5 (3): 110–21. doi:10.1177/1941874415578532. PMC 4530420. PMID 26288669.
  2. ↑ Willey JZ, Xu Q, Boden-Albala B, Paik MC, Moon YP, Sacco RL; et al. (2009). "Lipid profile components and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS)". Arch Neurol. 66 (11): 1400–6. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.210. PMC 2830863. PMID 19901173.
  3. ↑ Togha M, Gheini MR, Ahmadi B, Khashaiar P, Razeghi S (2011). "Lipid profile in cerebrovascular accidents". Iran J Neurol. 10 (1–2): 1–4. PMC 3829214. PMID 24250834.
  4. ↑ Lisak M, Demarin V, Trkanjec Z, Basić-Kes V (2013). "Hypertriglyceridemia as a possible independent risk factor for stroke". Acta Clin Croat. 52 (4): 458–63. PMID 24696996.
  5. ↑ Lee VH, Conners JJ, Cutting S, Song SY, Bernstein RA, Prabhakaran S (2014). "Elevated international normalized ratio as a manifestation of post-thrombolytic coagulopathy in acute ischemic stroke". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 23 (8): 2139–44. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.03.021. PMID 25081309.
  6. ↑ Miller DJ, Simpson JR, Silver B (2011). "Safety of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a review of complications, risk factors, and newer technologies". Neurohospitalist. 1 (3): 138–47. doi:10.1177/1941875211408731. PMC 3726129. PMID 23983849.
  7. ↑ Koren-Morag N, Goldbourt U, Tanne D (2006). "Renal dysfunction and risk of ischemic stroke or TIA in patients with cardiovascular disease". Neurology. 67 (2): 224–8. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000229099.62706.a3. PMID 16864812.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hao Z, Yang C, Liu M, Wu B (2014). "Renal dysfunction and thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Medicine (Baltimore). 93 (28): e286. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000286. PMC 4603096. PMID 25526464.
  9. ↑ Laible M, Horstmann S, Rizos T, Rauch G, Zorn M, Veltkamp R (2015). "Prevalence of renal dysfunction in ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients with or without atrial fibrillation". Eur J Neurol. 22 (1): 64–9, e4–5. doi:10.1111/ene.12528. PMID 25091540.
  10. ↑ Yao ES, Tang Y, Xie MJ, Wang MH, Wang H, Luo X (2016). "Elevated Homocysteine Level Related to Poor Outcome After Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke". Med Sci Monit. 22: 3268–73. PMC 5034885. PMID 27629768.
  11. ↑ Ashjazadeh N, Fathi M, Shariat A (2013). "Evaluation of Homocysteine Level as a Risk Factor among Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Its Subtypes". Iran J Med Sci. 38 (3): 233–9. PMC 3808947. PMID 24174694.
  12. ↑ Alam MN, Uddin MJ, Rahman KM, Ahmed S, Akhter M, Nahar N; et al. (2012). "Electrolyte changes in stroke". Mymensingh Med J. 21 (4): 594–9. PMID 23134903.
  13. ↑ Guven H, Cilliler AE, Koker C, Sarikaya SA, Comoglu SS (2011). "Association of serum calcium levels with clinical severity of acute ischemic stroke". Acta Neurol Belg. 111 (1): 45–9. PMID 21510233.
  14. ↑ Farahmand F, Choobi Anzali B, Heshmat R, Ghafouri HB, Hamedanchi S (2013). "Serum Sodium and Potassium Levels in Cerebro-vascular Accident Patients". Malays J Med Sci. 20 (3): 39–43. PMC 3743980. PMID 23966823.
  15. ↑ Oh HG, Rhee EJ, Kim TW, Lee KB, Park JH, Yang KI; et al. (2011). "Higher glycated hemoglobin level is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke in non-diabetic korean male adults". Diabetes Metab J. 35 (5): 551–7. doi:10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.551. PMC 3221032. PMID 22111048.
  16. ↑ Kagansky N, Levy S, Knobler H (2001). "The role of hyperglycemia in acute stroke". Arch Neurol. 58 (8): 1209–12. PMID 11493160.
  17. ↑ Bruno A, Liebeskind D, Hao Q, Raychev R, UCLA Stroke Investigators (2010). "Diabetes mellitus, acute hyperglycemia, and ischemic stroke". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 12 (6): 492–503. doi:10.1007/s11940-010-0093-6. PMC 2943579. PMID 20848328.
  18. ↑ Baker L, Juneja R, Bruno A (2011). "Management of hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 13 (6): 616–28. doi:10.1007/s11940-011-0143-8. PMID 21861124.
  19. ↑ Gilmore RM, Stead LG (2006). "The role of hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke". Neurocrit Care. 5 (2): 153–8. PMID 17099262.
  20. ↑ Radermecker RP, Scheen AJ (2010). "Management of blood glucose in patients with stroke". Diabetes Metab. 36 Suppl 3: S94–9. doi:10.1016/S1262-3636(10)70474-2. PMID 21211743.
  21. ↑ Norris JW, Hachinski VC, Myers MG, Callow J, Wong T, Moore RW (1979). "Serum cardiac enzymes in stroke". Stroke. 10 (5): 548–53. PMID 505497.
  22. ↑ Grear KE, Bushnell CD (2013). "Stroke and pregnancy: clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment, and epidemiology". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 56 (2): 350–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31828f25fa. PMC 3671374. PMID 23632643.


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