Hypercalcemia causes

Hypercalcemia Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hypercalcemia from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X Ray
CT
MRI
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Hypercalcemia On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypercalcemia All Images X-rays Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Hypercalcemia
CDC on Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia in the news
Blogs on Hypercalcemia
Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypercalcemia
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypercalcemia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Causes

Common Causes

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is due to excess PTH release by the parathyroid glands. This excess occurs due to an enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands, or a growth (usually not cancer) on one of the glands.

Other common causes include:

• Drugs
• Exogenous vitamin D
• Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
• Immobilization
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Sarcoidosis
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Beuren-williams syndrome, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Chemical / poisoning	Aluminium antacid overuse, Aluminum intoxication, Calcium acetate, Caspofungin acetate, Cefepime, Chlortalidone, Theophylline toxicity
Dermatologic	Leprosy, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Drug Side Effect	Cidofovir, Danazol, Dexlansoprazole, Diuretics, Fluoxymesterone, Gestrinone, Lithium, Nandrolone, Paricalcitol, Tamoxifen, Teriparatide, Thiazide, Toremifene
Ear Nose Throat	Oral candidiasis, Sjogren's syndrome
Endocrine	Abnormal parathyroid gland function, Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Adenoma, Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Adrenal insufficiency, Adult t-cell lymphoma , Bartter's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Hyperparathyroidism , Hyperthyroidism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, Non-parathyroid mediated, Paget's disease of bone, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hormone related peptide, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Parathyroid mediated, Pituitary tumour , Pthrp, Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Hepatocellular carcinoma, Vipoma
Genetic	Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase , Beuren-williams syndrome, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Inherited variants, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Phosphoethanolaminuria, Pseudophosphatasia , William's syndrome
Hematologic	Acute adult t-cell leukemia , Adult t-cell leukemia, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia , Cuffed blood sample, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Hematologic malignancy, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypervitaminosis a, Hypervitaminosis d, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia , Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Plasma cell granuloma, Polycythemia, Pseudophosphatasia , Pthrp, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia
Iatrogenic	Kidney transplant
Infectious Disease	Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Bone cancer, Bone fracture, Immobilization, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, Paraplegia
Neurologic	Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Brown-sequard syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Milk-alkali syndrome, Parenteral nutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Oncologic	Acute adult t-cell leukemia , Adenoma, Adult t-cell leukemia, Adult t-cell lymphoma , Bone cancer, Breast cancer, Bronchial carcinoma, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia , Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hematologic malignancy, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Kidney cancer, Lymphoma, Metastatic neoplasm, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Multiple myeloma, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Ovarian cancer, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary tumour , Plasma cell granuloma, Silicone-induced granuloma, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia , Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	, Aluminum intoxication, Aspirin (in large amounts), Drugs, Hypervitaminosis D, Vitamin A intoxication, Vitamin D intoxication
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Berylliosis, Bronchial carcinoma, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute renal failure, Bartter's syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia , Kidney cancer, Kidney transplant, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure, Rhabdomyolysis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Chronic granulomatous disorders
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Bone fracture, Dehydration
Urologic	Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure
Miscellaneous	Idiopathic hypercalcemia (in infants), Immobilization, Paraplegia

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.

3