Epididymoorchitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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*[[Sexual activity]] and infection with [[sexually transmitted diseases]], such as ''[[C. trachomatis]]'' and ''[[N. gonorrhea]]'' | *[[Sexual activity]] and infection with [[sexually transmitted diseases]], such as ''[[C. trachomatis]]'' and ''[[N. gonorrhea]]'' | ||
*[[HIV]] is a risk factor to epididymoorchitis infections caused by [[viruses]] and [[fungi]] | *[[HIV]] is a risk factor to epididymoorchitis infections caused by [[viruses]] and [[fungi]] | ||
*Strenuous [[physical activity]] | *Strenuous [[physical activity]]<ref name="pmid2332745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaver I, Matzkin H, Braf ZF |title=Epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 121 patients |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=548–52 |year=1990 |pmid=2332745 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9651416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadish HA, Bolte RG |title=A retrospective review of pediatric patients with epididymitis, testicular torsion, and torsion of testicular appendages |journal=Pediatrics |volume=102 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=73–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9651416 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Riding motorcycles/bicycles | *Riding motorcycles/bicycles<ref name="pmid2332745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaver I, Matzkin H, Braf ZF |title=Epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 121 patients |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=548–52 |year=1990 |pmid=2332745 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9651416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadish HA, Bolte RG |title=A retrospective review of pediatric patients with epididymitis, testicular torsion, and torsion of testicular appendages |journal=Pediatrics |volume=102 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=73–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9651416 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Prolonged periods of inactivity and sitting | *Prolonged periods of inactivity and sitting<ref name="pmid2332745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaver I, Matzkin H, Braf ZF |title=Epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 121 patients |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=548–52 |year=1990 |pmid=2332745 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9651416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadish HA, Bolte RG |title=A retrospective review of pediatric patients with epididymitis, testicular torsion, and torsion of testicular appendages |journal=Pediatrics |volume=102 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=73–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9651416 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Recent [[urinary tract]] surgery or instrumentation, such as [[cystoscopy]] and [[bladder]] [[catheterization]]<ref name="pmid21490048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart A, Ubee SS, Davies H |title=Epididymo-orchitis |journal=BMJ |volume=342 |issue= |pages=d1543 |year=2011 |pmid=21490048 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Recent [[urinary tract]] surgery or instrumentation, such as [[cystoscopy]] and [[bladder]] [[catheterization]]<ref name="pmid21490048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart A, Ubee SS, Davies H |title=Epididymo-orchitis |journal=BMJ |volume=342 |issue= |pages=d1543 |year=2011 |pmid=21490048 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Anatomic]] abnormalities of the [[urinary tract]], such as [[prostatic]] obstruction in older men (e.g., [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]] ([[BPH]]), [[Prostate cancer|prostatic cancer]], [[Urethral stricture|urethral strictures]])<ref name="pmid18061028">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tracy CR, Steers WD, Costabile R |title=Diagnosis and management of epididymitis |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=101–8; vii |year=2008 |pmid=18061028 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.013 |url=}}</ref> and [[posterior urethral valves]] or [[meatal stenosis]] in young, prepubertal boys | *[[Anatomic]] abnormalities of the [[urinary tract]], such as [[prostatic]] obstruction in older men (e.g., [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]] ([[BPH]]), [[Prostate cancer|prostatic cancer]], [[Urethral stricture|urethral strictures]])<ref name="pmid18061028">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tracy CR, Steers WD, Costabile R |title=Diagnosis and management of epididymitis |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=101–8; vii |year=2008 |pmid=18061028 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.013 |url=}}</ref> and [[posterior urethral valves]] or [[meatal stenosis]] in young, prepubertal boys | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk factors for epididymoorchitis include:[1]
- Sexual activity and infection with sexually transmitted diseases, such as C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea
- HIV is a risk factor to epididymoorchitis infections caused by viruses and fungi
- Strenuous physical activity[2][3]
- Riding motorcycles/bicycles[2][3]
- Prolonged periods of inactivity and sitting[2][3]
- Recent urinary tract surgery or instrumentation, such as cystoscopy and bladder catheterization[4]
- Anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, such as prostatic obstruction in older men (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic cancer, urethral strictures)[5] and posterior urethral valves or meatal stenosis in young, prepubertal boys
- Mumps infection is a risk factor for isolated mumps orchitis infection
References
- ↑ Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D (2009). "Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 79 (7): 583–7. PMID 19378875.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kaver I, Matzkin H, Braf ZF (1990). "Epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 121 patients". J Fam Pract. 30 (5): 548–52. PMID 2332745.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kadish HA, Bolte RG (1998). "A retrospective review of pediatric patients with epididymitis, testicular torsion, and torsion of testicular appendages". Pediatrics. 102 (1 Pt 1): 73–6. PMID 9651416.
- ↑ Stewart A, Ubee SS, Davies H (2011). "Epididymo-orchitis". BMJ. 342: d1543. PMID 21490048.
- ↑ Tracy CR, Steers WD, Costabile R (2008). "Diagnosis and management of epididymitis". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 101–8, vii. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.013. PMID 18061028.