Empyema classification: Difference between revisions
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This stage is characterized by loculations, inelastic membranous peel, and lung entrapment as a result of scarring of the pleural space.<ref name="pmid2480911">{{cite journal| author=Strange C, Tomlinson JR, Wilson C, Harley R, Miller KS, Sahn SA| title=The histology of experimental pleural injury with tetracycline, empyema, and carrageenan. | journal=Exp Mol Pathol | year= 1989 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 205-19 | pmid=2480911 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2480911 }} </ref> | This stage is characterized by loculations, inelastic membranous peel, and lung entrapment as a result of scarring of the pleural space.<ref name="pmid2480911">{{cite journal| author=Strange C, Tomlinson JR, Wilson C, Harley R, Miller KS, Sahn SA| title=The histology of experimental pleural injury with tetracycline, empyema, and carrageenan. | journal=Exp Mol Pathol | year= 1989 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 205-19 | pmid=2480911 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2480911 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:24, 4 January 2017
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Empyema Microchapters |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Classification
Empyema may be classified according to the etiology, anatomical location, and pathological course of the disease as follows:
Primary vs secondary empyema
Primary empyema occurs most commonly as iatrogenic empyema without associated pneumonia whereas secondary empyema happens more commonly secondary to pneumonia.
Empyema necessitans
Empyema necessitans is a spontaneous discharge of an empyema that has burrowed through the parietal pleura into the chest wall to form a subcutaneous abscess that may eventually rupture through the skin.[1][2]
Stages of empyema
Empyema may be classified according to the stage of the disease as follows:
- Exudative
In the exudative stage, the pus accumulates, and initial sterile fluid becomes infected with fluid characteristics of;
- glucose>60
- pH>7.2
- LDH<500
- Fibrinopurulent
During this stage, bacterial multiplies with increase in polymorphs and fibrin deposition on both pleural surfaces with fluid characteristics of;
- glucose<40
- pH <7.2
- LDH>1000
- Organizing
This stage is characterized by loculations, inelastic membranous peel, and lung entrapment as a result of scarring of the pleural space.[3]
References
- ↑ Gomes MM, Alves M, Correia JB, Santos L (2013). "Empyema necessitans: very late complication of pulmonary tuberculosis". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-202072. PMC 3863066. PMID 24326441.
- ↑ Ahmed SI, Gripaldo RE, Alao OA (2007). "Empyema necessitans in the setting of pneumonia and parapneumonic effusion". Am J Med Sci. 333 (2): 106–8. PMID 17301589.
- ↑ Strange C, Tomlinson JR, Wilson C, Harley R, Miller KS, Sahn SA (1989). "The histology of experimental pleural injury with tetracycline, empyema, and carrageenan". Exp Mol Pathol. 51 (3): 205–19. PMID 2480911.