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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Artificial sweeteners]]
*[[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
*[[BCG vaccine]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benign prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Benzidine]]
*[[Bladder incontinence]]
*[[Bubble bath]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Cetrizine]]
*[[Chemical cystitis]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diaphragm]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug induced cystitis]]
*[[E. coli]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Enlarged prostate]]
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Episiotomy scar infection]]
*[[Female gender]]
*[[Feminine hygeine sprays]]
*[[Foreign body cystitis]]
*[[Frequent sex]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gynecological cancers]]
*[[Honeymoon cystitis]]
*[[Hunner's ulcer]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Men having sex with men]]<ref name="pmid2868203">{{cite journal| author=Barnes RC, Daifuku R, Roddy RE, Stamm WE| title=Urinary-tract infection in sexually active homosexual men. | journal=Lancet | year= 1986 | volume= 1 | issue= 8474 | pages= 171-3 | pmid=2868203 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2868203 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11280121">{{cite journal| author=Russell DB, Roth NJ| title=Urinary tract infections in men in a primary care population. | journal=Aust Fam Physician | year= 2001 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 177-9 | pmid=11280121 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11280121 }} </ref>
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Narrowing of the urethral opening]]
*[[Not wiping from front to back (women)]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Perfumed soap]]
*[[PID]]
*[[Poor hygeine]]
*[[Poor nutrition]]
*[[Posterior urethral valve]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
*[[Spermicidal jellies]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]]
*[[SLE]]<ref name="pmid28001179">{{cite journal| author=Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB et al.| title=Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement. | journal=J Bras Nefrol | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 478-482 | pmid=28001179 | doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28001179 }} </ref>
*[[Talcum powder]]
*[[Tampons]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Ticarcilline]]
*[[Tight fitting underwear]]
*[[Tomatoes]]
*[[Tranilast]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]<ref name="pmid27793272">{{cite journal| author=Chang PC, Hsu YC, Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y| title=A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Biomed J | year= 2016 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 289-294 | pmid=27793272 | doi=10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27793272 }} </ref>
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Urachal cancer]]
*[[Urachal cyst]]
*[[Urethral syndrome]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urinary catheter]]
*[[Urinary obstruction]]
*[[Urinary stones]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]
*[[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
*[[Vesicoureteral reflex]]<ref name="pmid28051222">{{cite journal| author=Jellouli M, Ben Mansour A, Abidi K, Ferjani M, Naija O, Hammi Y et al.| title=Contribution of ultrasound scans in the first episode of urinary tract infection in children. | journal=Tunis Med | year= 2016 | volume= 94 | issue= 6 | pages= 167-170 | pmid=28051222 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28051222 }} </ref>
*[[Vigorous sex]]
*[[Xanthinuria]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
==References==
==References==
Steven C. Campbell , M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [1]
Overview More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by escherichia coli ("E. coli")diabetes , Crohn's disease , iatrogenic causes, endometriosis , pelvic inflammatory disease , urinary obstruction , bladder incontinence , Bladder Catheterisation, Trauma, Contraceptives like spermicides, Immobility and Genetic predisposition.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
Causes Common Causes Infections are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by escherichia coli ("E. coli")[ 1]
Escherichia Coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus species
Enterococci Hemorrhagic Causes Hemorrhagic Cystitis can be caused by certain medications, procedures, radiation therapy and infections. [ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
Other Disease Causes The following syndromes can lead to Cystitis:[ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 1]
Causes by Organ System The causes of Cystitis with rest to organ system can be classified as:[ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] [ 14] [ 15] [ 3] [ 16] [ 17] [ 18] [ 19] [ 8]
Cardiovascular
No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning
Artificial sweeteners , benzidine , bubble baths, chemical cystitis , diaphragm , feminine hygeine sprays , perfumed soap, spermicidal jellies , talcum powder
Dermatologic
No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect
Allopurinol , BCG vaccine , Cetirizine , Cyc,lophosphamide , Cytarabine , Danazol , Doxorubicin , drug induced cystitis , hexaminolevulinate Ifosfamide , Leflunomide , Methotrexate , NSAIDs , Oxaprozin , Pramipexole , Sertraline , Tiagabine , Tiaprofenic acid , Ticarcillin , Topiramate , Tranilast
Ear Nose Throat
No underlying causes
Endocrine
Diabetes , diabetic neuropathy
Environmental
No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic
Crohn's disease , diarrhea , diverticulitis , vescicoenteric fistula
Genetic
Urofacial syndrome , adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Hematologic
No underlying causes
Iatrogenic
Cystoscopy , radiotherapy , urinary catheter , episiotomy scar infection
Infectious Disease
Candida , chlamydia , E. coli , enterobacter , episiotomy scar infection , gonorrhea , klebsiella , prostatitis , pseudomonas aeruginosa , schistosomiasis , serratia , sexually transmitted diseases , staphyloccus saprophyticus , trichomoniasis , tuberculosis , urinary tract infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho
No underlying causes
Neurologic
Diabetic neuropathy
Nutritional / Metabolic
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency , alcohol , caffeine , chocolate , poor nutrition , tomatoes , xanthinuria , artificial sweeteners
Obstetric/Gynecologic
Endometriosis , gynecological cancers , menopause , PID , pregnancy , episiotomy scar infection
Oncologic
Gynecological cancers , Urachal cancer
Opthalmologic
No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity
No underlying causes
Psychiatric
No underlying causes
Pulmonary
No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte
No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy
Behcet's disease , lupus , Crohn's disease , autoimmune interstitial cystitis
Sexual
Frequent sex , men having sex with men, vigorous sex , honeymoon cystitis
Trauma
Spinal cord injury
Urologic
Autoimmune interstitial cystitis , benign prostate hyperplasia , bladder incontinence , congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract , enlarged prostate , honeymoon cystitis , Hunner's ulcer , interstitial cystitis , narrowing of the urethral opening , posterior urethral valve , urachal cancer , urachal cyst , urethral syndrome , urethritis , urinary obstruction , urinary stones , vescicoenteric fistula , urinary tract infection
Dental
No underlying causes
Miscellaneous
Dehydration , female gender , foreign body cystitis , immobility , Not wiping from front to back (women), old age , poor hygeine , tampons , tight fitting underwear
References
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ronald A (2002). "The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens" . Am J Med . 113 Suppl 1A: 14S–19S. PMID 12113867 . ↑ Aydos MM, Memis A, Yakupoglu YK, Ozdal OL, Oztekin V (2001). "The use and efficacy of the American Urological Association Symptom Index in assessing the outcome of urethroplasty for post-traumatic complete posterior urethral strictures" . BJU Int . 88 (4): 382–4. PMID 11564026 . ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV (2001). "[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]" . Urologiia (3): 42–3. PMID 11505545 . ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cox PJ (1979). "Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis" . Eur J Cancer . 15 (8): 1071–2. PMID 510344 . ↑ 5.0 5.1 Russo P (2000). "Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient" . Semin Oncol . 27 (3): 284–98. PMID 10864217 . ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T (2016). "[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]" . Hinyokika Kiyo . 62 (10): 545–548. doi :10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545 . PMID 27919130 . ↑ Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C; et al. (2011). "[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]" . Ann Pathol . 31 (1): 46–9. doi :10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001 . PMID 21349389 . ↑ 8.0 8.1 Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB; et al. (2016). "Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement" . J Bras Nefrol . 38 (4): 478–482. doi :10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 . PMID 28001179 . ↑ Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B (1986). "Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection" . Am J Epidemiol . 124 (6): 977–85. PMID 3776980 . ↑ Hooton TM, Stamm WE (1997). "Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection" . Infect Dis Clin North Am . 11 (3): 551–81. PMID 9378923 . ↑ Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM (2012). "Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions" . BJU Int . 109 (11): 1584–91. doi :10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x . PMID 22233286 . ↑ Leutscher PD, Pedersen M, Raharisolo C, Jensen JS, Hoffmann S, Lisse I; et al. (2005). "Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals" . J Infect Dis . 191 (10): 1639–47. doi :10.1086/429334 . PMID 15838790 . ↑ Okazaki S, Hori J, Kita M, Yamaguchi S, Kawakami N, Kakizaki H (2014). "[A case of eosinophilic cystitis mimicking an invasive bladder cancer]" . Hinyokika Kiyo . 60 (12): 635–9. PMID 25602481 . ↑ Cunha BA, Lee P, Kaouris N, Raza M (2015). "The safety of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of nosocomial catheter-associated bacteriuria (CAB) and cystitis" . J Chemother . 27 (2): 122–3. doi :10.1179/1973947814Y.0000000202 . PMID 25004793 . ↑ Teal SB, Craven WM (2006). "Inadvertent vesicular placement of a vaginal contraceptive ring presenting as persistent cystitis" . Obstet Gynecol . 107 (2 Pt 2): 470–2. doi :10.1097/01.AOG.0000164072.91339.9e . PMID 16449153 . ↑ Grimsby GM, Tyson MD, Salevitz B, Smith ML, Castle EP (2012). "Bladder Outlet Obstruction Secondary to a Brunn's Cyst" . Curr Urol . 6 (1): 50–2. doi :10.1159/000338871 . PMC 3783323 PMID 24917712 . ↑ Tzou KY, Chiang YT (2016). "Emphysematous Cystitis" . N Engl J Med . 375 (18): 1779. doi :10.1056/NEJMicm1509543 . PMID 27806219 . ↑ Echols RM, Tosiello RL, Haverstock DC, Tice AD (1999). "Demographic, clinical, and treatment parameters influencing the outcome of acute cystitis" . Clin Infect Dis . 29 (1): 113–9. doi :10.1086/520138 . PMID 10433573 . ↑ de Cueto M, Aliaga L, Alós JI, Canut A, Los-Arcos I, Martínez JA; et al. (2016). "Executive summary of the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC)" . Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin . doi :10.1016/j.eimc.2016.11.005 . PMID 28017477 .
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