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{{Brucellosis}}
{{Brucellosis}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{DL}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Effective measures for the primary prevention of brucellosis include not consuming unpasteurized dairy or undercooked meat, and having safe occupational practices. There are no available vaccines for humans against brucellosis.<ref name="j">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/prevention/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016</ref><ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 5, 2016</ref>
Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of brucellosis include not consuming [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy or undercooked meat, and having safe occupational practices. There are no available vaccines for humans against brucellosis.<ref name="j">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/prevention/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016</ref><ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 5, 2016</ref>


==Prevention==
==Prevention==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Prevention of Brucellosis  
! colspan="2" |Recommendations for prevention of Brucellosis by [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
|-
|-
|People who consume dairy and meat products
|People who consume dairy and meat products
|shouldn't consume the following:
|shouldn't consume the following:
*Undercooked meat
*Undercooked meat
*Unpasteurized dairy products, including:
*[[Unpasteurized milk|Unpasteurized]] dairy products, including:
**Milk
**Milk
**Cheese
**Cheese
Line 23: Line 23:
|
|
* Use clean, sharp knives for field dressing and butchering.
* Use clean, sharp knives for field dressing and butchering.
* Wear eye protection and rubber or latex gloves (disposable or reusable) when handling carcasses.
* Wear [[eye]] protection and rubber or latex gloves (disposable or reusable) when handling carcasses.
* Avoid direct (bare skin) contact with fluid or organs from the animal.
* Avoid direct (bare [[skin]]) contact with fluid or organs from the animal.
* Avoid direct (bare skin) contact with hunting dogs that may have come into contact with hunted animals.
* Avoid direct (bare skin) contact with hunting dogs that may have come into contact with hunted animals.
* After butchering, burn or bury disposable gloves and parts of the carcass that will not be eaten.
* After butchering, burn or bury disposable gloves and parts of the carcass that will not be eaten.
* Don't feed dogs with raw meat or other parts of the carcass.
* Don't feed dogs with [[raw]] meat or other parts of the carcass.
* Wash hands as soon as possible with soap and warm water for 20 seconds or more. Dry hands with a clean cloth.
* Wash hands as soon as possible with soap and warm water for 20 seconds or more. Dry hands with a clean cloth.
* Clean all tools and reusable gloves with a disinfectant, like dilute bleach. ''(Follow the safety instructions on the product label).''
* Clean all tools and reusable gloves with a disinfectant, like dilute [[bleach]]. ''(Follow the safety instructions on the product label).''
* Thoroughly cook meat from any animal that is known to be a possible carrier of brucellosis (see the list above).
* Thoroughly cook meat from any animal that is known to be a possible carrier of [[brucellosis]] (see the list above).
* Be aware that freezing, smoking, drying and pickling do not kill the bacteria that cause brucellosis.
* Be aware that freezing, smoking, drying and pickling do not kill the bacteria that cause [[brucellosis]].
|-
|-
|'''Safe Laboratory Practices''':
|'''Safe Laboratory Practices''':
|
|
*When brucellosis is suspected in a patient, clinicians should not "suspect or rule out brucellosis" on the laboratory submission.
*When brucellosis is suspected in a patient, clinicians should not "suspect or rule out brucellosis" on the laboratory submission.
*Review laboratory containment methods and microbiological procedures to ensure compliance with recommendations in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition
*Review [[laboratory]] containment methods and microbiological procedures to ensure compliance with recommendations in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition
*''Use primary barriers:'' use safety centrifuge cups, personal protective equipment, and class II or higher Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs) for procedures with a high likelihood of producing droplet splashes or aerosols.
*''Use primary barriers:'' use safety centrifuge cups, personal protective equipment, and class II or higher Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs) for procedures with a high likelihood of producing droplet splashes or aerosols.
*''Use secondary barriers:'' restrict access to the laboratory when work is being performed and maintain the integrity of the laboratory's air handling system by keeping external doors and windows closed.
*''Use secondary barriers:'' restrict access to the laboratory when work is being performed and maintain the integrity of the laboratory's air handling system by keeping external doors and windows closed.
*Perform all procedures on unidentified isolates carefully to minimize the creation of splashes or aerosols.
*Perform all procedures on unidentified isolates carefully to minimize the creation of splashes or [[aerosols]].
*Prohibit sniffing of opened culture plates to assist in the identification of isolates. Manipulate isolates of small gram-negative or gram-variable rods within a BSC.
*Prohibit sniffing of opened culture plates to assist in the identification of isolates. Manipulate isolates of small gram-negative or gram-variable rods within a BSC.
|}
|}


==Vaccines==
==Vaccines==
* Live attenuated Brucella strains, such as B. abortus strain 19BA or 104M, have been used in some countries to protect high-risk populations.<ref>Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9th, 2017</ref>
* [[Attenuated|Live attenuated]] Brucella strains, such as B. abortus strain 19BA or 104M, have been used in some countries to protect high-risk populations.<ref>Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9th, 2017</ref>
* Vaccination as displayed short-term efficacy and high reactogencity.
* Vaccination as displayed short-term [[efficacy]] and high reactogencity.


==Reference==
==Reference==

Revision as of 19:32, 11 January 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Effective measures for the primary prevention of brucellosis include not consuming unpasteurized dairy or undercooked meat, and having safe occupational practices. There are no available vaccines for humans against brucellosis.[1][2]

Prevention

Recommendations for prevention of Brucellosis by CDC
People who consume dairy and meat products shouldn't consume the following:
  • Undercooked meat
  • Unpasteurized dairy products, including:
    • Milk
    • Cheese
    • Ice cream
  • If you are not sure that the dairy product is pasteurized, do not eat it.
People who handle animal tissues (such as hunters and animal herdsman)
  • Use clean, sharp knives for field dressing and butchering.
  • Wear eye protection and rubber or latex gloves (disposable or reusable) when handling carcasses.
  • Avoid direct (bare skin) contact with fluid or organs from the animal.
  • Avoid direct (bare skin) contact with hunting dogs that may have come into contact with hunted animals.
  • After butchering, burn or bury disposable gloves and parts of the carcass that will not be eaten.
  • Don't feed dogs with raw meat or other parts of the carcass.
  • Wash hands as soon as possible with soap and warm water for 20 seconds or more. Dry hands with a clean cloth.
  • Clean all tools and reusable gloves with a disinfectant, like dilute bleach. (Follow the safety instructions on the product label).
  • Thoroughly cook meat from any animal that is known to be a possible carrier of brucellosis (see the list above).
  • Be aware that freezing, smoking, drying and pickling do not kill the bacteria that cause brucellosis.
Safe Laboratory Practices:
  • When brucellosis is suspected in a patient, clinicians should not "suspect or rule out brucellosis" on the laboratory submission.
  • Review laboratory containment methods and microbiological procedures to ensure compliance with recommendations in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition
  • Use primary barriers: use safety centrifuge cups, personal protective equipment, and class II or higher Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs) for procedures with a high likelihood of producing droplet splashes or aerosols.
  • Use secondary barriers: restrict access to the laboratory when work is being performed and maintain the integrity of the laboratory's air handling system by keeping external doors and windows closed.
  • Perform all procedures on unidentified isolates carefully to minimize the creation of splashes or aerosols.
  • Prohibit sniffing of opened culture plates to assist in the identification of isolates. Manipulate isolates of small gram-negative or gram-variable rods within a BSC.

Vaccines

  • Live attenuated Brucella strains, such as B. abortus strain 19BA or 104M, have been used in some countries to protect high-risk populations.[3]
  • Vaccination as displayed short-term efficacy and high reactogencity.

Reference

  1. ↑ Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/prevention/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016
  2. ↑ Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 5, 2016
  3. ↑ Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9th, 2017
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