Epiglottitis classification: Difference between revisions
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====Bacterial epiglottitis==== | ====Bacterial epiglottitis==== | ||
Prior to the introduction of [[Haemophilus Influenzae B|Haemophilus]] influenza type b vaccine,<ref name="Sch20152">{{cite book|last1=Schlossberg|first1=David|title=Clinical infectious disease|date=2015|isbn=9781107038912|page=202|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=meFwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202}}</ref> [[Haemophilus influenzae|H. influenza]] was the most common culprit of [[epiglottitis]]. In recent literature, group A [beta]-hemolytic [[Streptococcus|Streptococci]] is more commonly observed to be the cause. The disease used to be mostly found in pediatric age group of 3 to 5 years. However, recent trend favors adults as most commonly affected individuals.<ref name="pmid27031010">{{cite journal| author=Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED| title=Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2016 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 1404-7 | pmid=27031010 | doi=10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27031010 }} </ref> Other pathogens such as ''[[escherichia coli]]'', | Prior to the introduction of [[Haemophilus Influenzae B|Haemophilus]] influenza type b vaccine,<ref name="Sch20152">{{cite book|last1=Schlossberg|first1=David|title=Clinical infectious disease|date=2015|isbn=9781107038912|page=202|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=meFwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202}}</ref> [[Haemophilus influenzae|H. influenza]] was the most common culprit of [[epiglottitis]]. In recent literature, group A [beta]-hemolytic [[Streptococcus|Streptococci]] is more commonly observed to be the cause. The disease used to be mostly found in pediatric age group of 3 to 5 years. However, recent trend favors adults as most commonly affected individuals.<ref name="pmid27031010">{{cite journal| author=Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED| title=Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2016 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 1404-7 | pmid=27031010 | doi=10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27031010 }} </ref> Other pathogens such as ''[[escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Kingella|kingella kingae]]'' may be encountered in immunocompromised hosts. Other common bacterial causes of epiglottitis include:<ref name="pmid2357085">{{cite journal| author=Trollfors B, Nylén O, Strangert K| title=Acute epiglottitis in children and adults in Sweden 1981-3. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1990 | volume= 65 | issue= 5 | pages= 491-4 | pmid=2357085 | doi= | pmc=PMC1792127 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2357085 }}</ref><ref name="pmid270310102">{{cite journal| author=Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED| title=Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2016 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 1404-7 | pmid=27031010 | doi=10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27031010 }}</ref> [[Staphylococcus aureus]] and [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]. | ||
====Viral epiglottitis==== | ====Viral epiglottitis==== |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview
Classification
Epiglottitis may be classified according to the etiology, and disease duration as follows:
Infectious epiglottitis
Infectious epiglottitis is a soft tissue swelling of epiglottis,[1] and the surrounding structures example; plica aryepiglottica , arytenoids, sinus piriformis and vestibular folds usually caused by bacteria and occasionally viruses.[2] Infctious epiglottitis may be subclassified into:
Bacterial epiglottitis
Prior to the introduction of Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine,[3] H. influenza was the most common culprit of epiglottitis. In recent literature, group A [beta]-hemolytic Streptococci is more commonly observed to be the cause. The disease used to be mostly found in pediatric age group of 3 to 5 years. However, recent trend favors adults as most commonly affected individuals.[4] Other pathogens such as escherichia coli, kingella kingae may be encountered in immunocompromised hosts. Other common bacterial causes of epiglottitis include:[5][6] Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Viral epiglottitis
Fungal epiglottitis
Fungi are rare cause of epiglottitis. Notably among them are aspergillus spp and candida albicans[7]
Noninfectious epiglottitis
This includes all other factors resulting in the development of epiglottitis aside pathogenic organism. These include trauma from foreign objects inhalation and chemical burns[7]
References
- ↑ Shah RK, Stocks C (2010). "Epiglottitis in the United States: national trends, variances, prognosis, and management". Laryngoscope. 120 (6): 1256–62. doi:10.1002/lary.20921. PMID 20513048.
- ↑ Ossoff RH, Wolff AP, Ballenger JJ (1980). "Acute epiglottitis in adults: experience with fifteen cases". Laryngoscope. 90 (7 Pt 1): 1155–61. PMID 6967138.
- ↑ Schlossberg, David (2015). Clinical infectious disease (Second ed.). p. 202. ISBN 9781107038912.
- ↑ Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED (2016). "Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away". Anesthesiology. 124 (6): 1404–7. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125. PMID 27031010.
- ↑ Trollfors B, Nylén O, Strangert K (1990). "Acute epiglottitis in children and adults in Sweden 1981-3". Arch Dis Child. 65 (5): 491–4. PMC 1792127. PMID 2357085.
- ↑ Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED (2016). "Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away". Anesthesiology. 124 (6): 1404–7. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125. PMID 27031010.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Charles R, Fadden M, Brook J (2013). "Acute epiglottitis". BMJ. 347: f5235. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5235. PMID 24052580.