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*Many varieties of [[PCR]] have been developed (e.g. nested [[PCR]], realtime [[PCR]] and [[PCR]]-[[ELISA test|ELISA]]) and found to have superior [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] and [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] in detecting both primary infection and relapse after treatment.  
*Many varieties of [[PCR]] have been developed (e.g. nested [[PCR]], realtime [[PCR]] and [[PCR]]-[[ELISA test|ELISA]]) and found to have superior [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] and [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] in detecting both primary infection and relapse after treatment.  
*Unfortunately, these have yet to be standardized for routine use, and some centres have reported persistent [[PCR]] positivity after clinically successful treatment, fuelling the controversy about the existence of prolonged [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] brucellosis.<ref name="pmid15930423" /><ref name="b">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/transmission/index.html. Accessed on February 1, 2016</ref><ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on January 29, 2016</ref><ref name="aa">Brucelosis. Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucelosis. Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref>
*Unfortunately, these have yet to be standardized for routine use, and some centres have reported persistent [[PCR]] positivity after clinically successful treatment, fuelling the controversy about the existence of prolonged [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] brucellosis.<ref name="pmid15930423" /><ref name="b">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/transmission/index.html. Accessed on February 1, 2016</ref><ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on January 29, 2016</ref><ref name="aa">Brucelosis. Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucelosis. Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |Tissue Biopsy
|[[liver]] and [[lymph node]] [[biopsy]] may reveal non-caseating granulomas
|-
| colspan="2" |CSF analysis
|[[CSF]] analysis may reveal:
* Lymphcytosis
* Low [[glucose]] levels
|-
|[[Synovial fluid]]
| colspan="2" |Synovial fluid analysis may reveal:
* Lymphocytic predominate with [[granulocyte]] count which  does not generally exceed 15,000 cells/microL
* Low [[glucose]] levels
|}
|}


==== Tissue Biopsy ====
==== Tissue Biopsy ====
Liver and lymph node biopsy may reveal non-caseating granuloma.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
[[Liver]] and [[lymph node]] biopsy may reveal non-[[Caseous necrosis|caseating]] [[granuloma]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


==== CSF analysis ====
==== CSF analysis ====
CSF analysis may reveal lymphocytosis and low glucose level.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
[[CSF analysis]] may reveal [[lymphocytosis]] and low glucose level.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


==== Synovial fluid analysis ====
==== Synovial fluid analysis ====
Synovial fluid analysis may reveal lymphocytic predominate with [[granulocyte]] count which  does not generally exceed 15,000 cells/microL and low [[glucose]] levels.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Synovial fluid analysis may reveal [[lymphocytic]] predominate with [[granulocyte]] count which  does not generally exceed 15,000 cells/microL and low [[glucose]] levels.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 01:27, 24 January 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza LukacVishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

The diagnosis of brucellosis can be confirmed by either a positive bacterial culture or a positive titer of anti-Brucella antibodies on serological testing.

Laboratory Findings

Laboratory findings of brucellosis include the following:[1][2][3][4][5]</nowiki></ref>[6][7]</nowiki></ref>[8][9][10][11]

Laboratory findings in Brucellosis
Blood Complete blood count Complete Blood Count may reveal:
ESR Normal or raised
CRP Normal or raised
Liver function test Liver function test may reveal:
  • Mild increase in hepatic enzymes
  • Mild increase in bilirubin
Culture
Serological tests Serological Tests
  • There are two types of serological tests, based on:
    • Antibody production against lipopolysaccharide
    • Antibody production against other bacterial antigens
  • For a diagnosis to be made using serology, two serum samples are required:
    • The first serum sample should be taken when a person is acutely ill (≤7 days after symptom onset)
    • The second serum sample should be drawn 2-4 weeks later to check for a rise in antibodies (a fourfold or greater rise in antibodies would bean an individual is positive for brucellosis).
    • If submission of paired sera is not possible, a probable diagnosis can be made with a single serum sample.
  • Brucella microagglutination test (BMAT)
    • A modified version of the serum (tube) agglutination test (SAT), that can detect antibodies to Brucella species: abortus, melitensis or suis.
    • There is no serological test available to detect antibodies to B. canis.
    • An agglutination titre greater than 1:160 is considered significant in nonendemic areas.
    • An agglutination titre greater than 1:320 is considered significant in endemic areas.
    • Due to the similarity of the O polysaccharide of Brucella to that of various other Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. Francisella tularensis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella urbana, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) the appearance of cross-reactions of class M immunoglobulins may occur.
    • False-negative SAT may be caused by the presence of blocking antibodies (the prozone phenomenon) in the α2-globulin (IgA) and in the α-globulin (IgG) fractions.
    • Serology is not currently available to monitor persons for RB51 vaccine exposure or for Brucella canis exposure.
  • Rose Bengal
    • Rose bengal has a positive predictive value is approximately 99% for patients with acute and chronic brucellosis.
    • Rose bengal measures IgM and IgG antibodies.
  • 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)
    • 2-ME measures IgG antibodies
  • Antihuman globulin (Coombs)
    • Used in chronic brucellosis patients with negative seroagglutination because they have IgG non-agglutinating antibodies.
  • Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
  • Dipstick assays
    • New and promising, based on the binding of Brucella IgM antibodies, and found to be simple, accurate, and rapid.
  • Brucellacapt test
    • A single-step immunocapture assay for the detection of total anti-Brucella antibodies, is an increasingly used adjunctive test when resources permit.
Molecular tests PCR
  • PCR is a fast and specific diagnostic tool to confirm the diagnosis of brucellosis
  • Many varieties of PCR have been developed (e.g. nested PCR, realtime PCR and PCR-ELISA) and found to have superior specificity and sensitivity in detecting both primary infection and relapse after treatment.
  • Unfortunately, these have yet to be standardized for routine use, and some centres have reported persistent PCR positivity after clinically successful treatment, fuelling the controversy about the existence of prolonged chronic brucellosis.[12][13][14][15]

Tissue Biopsy

Liver and lymph node biopsy may reveal non-caseating granuloma.[2][4]

CSF analysis

CSF analysis may reveal lymphocytosis and low glucose level.[2][4]

Synovial fluid analysis

Synovial fluid analysis may reveal lymphocytic predominate with granulocyte count which does not generally exceed 15,000 cells/microL and low glucose levels.[2][4]

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/clinicians/bacterial-isolation.html. Accessed on February 4, 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9th, 2017
  3. ↑ Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M; et al. (1996). "Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases.". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (4): 195–211. PMID 8699960
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS (2007). "Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis.". Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (3): 188–202. PMID 17901634
  5. ↑ Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E (2005). "Brucellosis.". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2325–36. PMID 15930423.
  6. ↑ Young EJ (1995). "Brucellosis: current epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.". Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 15: 115–28. PMID 7546364
  7. ↑ Aygen B, Doganay M, Sumerkan B, et al. Clinical manifestations, complications and treatment of brucellosis: a retrospective evaluation of 480 patients. Med Malad Infect 2002; 32:485.
  8. ↑ Mousa AM, Bahar RH, Araj GF, Koshy TS, Muhtaseb SA, al-Mudallal DS; et al. (1990). "Neurological complications of brucella spondylitis.". Acta Neurol Scand. 81 (1): 16–23. PMID 2330811
  9. ↑ Pappas G, Bosilkovski M, Akritidis N, Mastora M, Krteva L, Tsianos E (2003). "Brucellosis and the respiratory system.". Clin Infect Dis. 37 (7): e95–9. PMID 13130417. doi:10.1086/378125
  10. ↑ Herrick JA, Lederman RJ, Sullivan B, et al. Brucella arteritis: clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14:520.
  11. ↑ Ariza J, Bosilkovski M, Cascio A, Colmenero JD, Corbel MJ, Falagas ME; et al. (2007). "Perspectives for the treatment of brucellosis in the 21st century: the Ioannina recommendations". PLoS Med. 4 (12): e317. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040317. PMC 2222927. PMID 18162038.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E (2005). "Brucellosis". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2325–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050570. PMID 15930423.
  13. ↑ Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/transmission/index.html. Accessed on February 1, 2016
  14. ↑ Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on January 29, 2016
  15. ↑ Brucelosis. Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucelosis. Accessed on February 2, 2016
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

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