Brucellosis overview: Difference between revisions

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== Pathophysiology ==
== Pathophysiology ==
''[[Brucella]]'' is usually transmitted via the digestive route to the human host. Following transmission, [[white blood cells]] [[phagocyte]] the pathogen and transport it via the [[hematologic]] or [[lymphatic]] route to different organs, specially those of the [[reticuloendothelial system]].
''[[Brucella|Brucellosis]]'' is a [[zoonotic]] disease, [[Humans]] could be infected by eating undercook meat or raw [[Dairy product|dairy]] products, inhalation of the [[bacteria]], and direct contact of bacteria with [[skin]] [[wounds]] or [[Mucous membranes|mucous membranes.]] Following transmission, [[white blood cells]] phagocyte the pathogen and transports it via hematologic or [[Lymphatic system|lymphatic route]] to different organs, specially to those of the [[reticuloendothelial system]]. [[Endotoxic]] [[lipopolysaccharide]] LPS, plays an important role in survival of bacteria inside [[Monocytic|monocytic cel]]<nowiki/>l, supressing [[Lysosome|phagosome-lysosome fusion]], and internalizing bacteria into [[endoplasmic reticulum]].<ref name="pmid15930423">{{cite journal| author=Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E| title=Brucellosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 22 | pages= 2325-36 | pmid=15930423 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra050570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15930423  }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/transmission/index.html|title=CDC|date=|access-date=|website=|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8698508">{{cite journal| author=Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C| title=Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1996 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 2782-6 | pmid=8698508 | doi= | pmc=174139 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8698508  }}</ref>


== Causes ==
== Causes ==
[[Human]] brucellosis is caused by four [[Brucella|Brucellae]] species: [[Brucella abortus|''B. abortus'']], [[Brucella canis|''B. canis'']], [[Brucella melitensis|''B. melitensis'']], and ''B. suis''.
[[Human]] brucellosis is caused by four [[Brucella|Brucellae]] species: [[Brucella abortus|''B. abortus'']], [[Brucella canis|''B. canis'']], [[Brucella melitensis|''B. melitensis'']], and ''B. suis''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf|title=WHO|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>.


== Differentiating Brucellosis from other Diseases ==
== Differentiating Brucellosis from other Diseases ==
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== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
Worldwide, the [[incidence]] of [[Brucellosis]] ranges from a low of 0.01 per 100,000 to high of 200 per 100,000 individuals. [[Case fatality rate]] is less than 2% when untreated. [[Brucellosis]] most commonly affects men in age group between 20 to 45 years old. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East
Worldwide, the [[incidence]] of [[Brucellosis]] ranges from a low of 0.01 per 100,000 to high of 200 per 100,000 individuals. [[Case fatality rate]] is less than 2% when untreated. [[Brucellosis]] most commonly affects [[men]] in [[age]] group between 20 to 45 years old. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East


== Risk Factors ==
== Risk Factors ==
Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis are: 1) consuming unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products, 2) unsafe hunting practices, and 3) occupational risks.
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of brucellosis are: 1) consuming [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy products or raw meat products, 2) unsafe hunting practices, and 3) occupational risks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/|title=CDC|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>


== Screening ==
== Screening ==
There are no guidelines for brucellosis screening. Some [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas screen family members of patients with brucellosis.
There are no guidelines for [[screening]] [[Brucellosis]].<ref name="pmid25934639">{{cite journal| author=Sanodze L, Bautista CT, Garuchava N, Chubinidze S, Tsertsvadze E, Broladze M et al.| title=Expansion of brucellosis detection in the country of Georgia by screening household members of cases and neighboring community members. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 459 | pmid=25934639 | doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1761-y | pmc=PMC4432945 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25934639  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19011744">{{cite journal| author=Tabak F, Hakko E, Mete B, Ozaras R, Mert A, Ozturk R| title=Is family screening necessary in brucellosis? | journal=Infection | year= 2008 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 575-7 | pmid=19011744 | doi=10.1007/s15010-008-7022-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19011744  }}</ref>


== Natural history, Complications and Prognosis ==
== Natural history, Complications and Prognosis ==
If left untreated, patients with brucellosis may progress to develop focal infections, relapses or chronic brucellosis. Common complications of brucellosis include: [[Hepatitis|granulomatous hepatitis]], [[arthritis]], [[sacroiliitis]], [[meningitis]], [[orchitis]], [[epididymitis]] [[uveitis]], and [[endocarditis]]. The prognosis of brucellosis is good with adequate treatment.
If left untreated, patients with brucellosis may progress to develop focal infections, relapses or chronic brucellosis. Common complications of brucellosis include: [[Hepatitis|granulomatous hepatitis]], [[arthritis]], [[sacroiliitis]], [[meningitis]], [[orchitis]], [[epididymitis]] [[uveitis]], and [[endocarditis]]. The prognosis of brucellosis is good with adequate treatment.<ref name="pmid8699960">{{cite journal| author=Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M et al.| title=Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-211 | pmid=8699960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8699960  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17901634">{{cite journal| author=Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS| title=Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. | journal=Indian J Med Microbiol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 188-202 | pmid=17901634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17901634  }}</ref><ref name="pmid159304">{{cite journal| author=Overturf ML, Druihet RE, Fitz A| title=The effects of kallikrein, plasmin, and thrombin on hog kidney renin. | journal=J Biol Chem | year= 1979 | volume= 254 | issue= 23 | pages= 12078-83 | pmid=159304 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=159304  }}</ref><ref>Doganay M, Aygen B. Human brucellosis: An overview. Int J Infect Dis 2003; 7:173.</ref>


== Diagnosis ==
== Diagnosis ==
Line 35: Line 35:
=== Principles of Diagnosis  ===
=== Principles of Diagnosis  ===
Diagnosis is based on history of potential exposure, presentation consistent with the disease, and supporting laboratory findings.  
Diagnosis is based on history of potential exposure, presentation consistent with the disease, and supporting laboratory findings.  
 
:<ref name=":02">Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid86999602">{{cite journal| author=Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M et al.| title=Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-211 | pmid=8699960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8699960  }}</ref><ref name="pmid179016342">{{cite journal| author=Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS| title=Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. | journal=Indian J Med Microbiol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 188-202 | pmid=17901634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17901634  }}</ref>
=== History and Symptoms ===
=== History and Symptoms ===
Brucellosis can present with diverse clinical presentation, which include systemic flu-like symptoms and symptoms due to focal involvement of organs.  
Brucellosis can present with diverse clinical presentation, which include systemic flu-like symptoms and symptoms due to focal involvement of organs.  
 
:<ref name=":03">Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid86999603">{{cite journal| author=Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M et al.| title=Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-211 | pmid=8699960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8699960  }}</ref><ref name="pmid179016343">{{cite journal| author=Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS| title=Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. | journal=Indian J Med Microbiol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 188-202 | pmid=17901634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17901634  }}</ref><ref name="pmid159304233">{{cite journal| author=Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E| title=Brucellosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 22 | pages= 2325-36 | pmid=15930423 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra050570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15930423  }}</ref>
=== Physical Examination ===
=== Physical Examination ===
Patients with brucellosis are usually well-appearing. Common physical examination findings include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.
Patients with brucellosis are usually well-appearing. Common physical examination findings include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.
 
:<ref name=":04">Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid86999604">{{cite journal| author=Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M et al.| title=Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-211 | pmid=8699960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8699960  }}</ref><ref name="pmid179016344">{{cite journal| author=Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS| title=Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. | journal=Indian J Med Microbiol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 188-202 | pmid=17901634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17901634  }}</ref><ref name="pmid159304234">{{cite journal| author=Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E| title=Brucellosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 22 | pages= 2325-36 | pmid=15930423 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra050570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15930423  }}</ref>
=== Laboratory Findings ===
=== Laboratory Findings ===
The diagnosis of brucellosis can be confirmed by either a positive bacterial culture or a positive titre of anti-[[Brucella]] antibodies on serological testing.
The diagnosis of brucellosis can be confirmed by either a positive bacterial culture or a positive titre of anti-[[Brucella]] antibodies on serological testing.
 
:<ref name=":05">Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid86999605">{{cite journal| author=Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M et al.| title=Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-211 | pmid=8699960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8699960  }}</ref><ref name="pmid179016345">{{cite journal| author=Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS| title=Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. | journal=Indian J Med Microbiol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 188-202 | pmid=17901634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17901634  }}</ref>
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
There is no specific X-ray, CT or MRI finding associated with [[Brucellosis]].
There is no specific X-ray, CT or MRI finding associated with [[Brucellosis]].
 
:<ref name=":06">Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid86999606">{{cite journal| author=Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M et al.| title=Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-211 | pmid=8699960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8699960  }}</ref><ref name="pmid179016346">{{cite journal| author=Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS| title=Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. | journal=Indian J Med Microbiol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 188-202 | pmid=17901634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17901634  }}</ref>
== Treatment ==
== Treatment ==


Line 55: Line 55:
=== Prevention ===
=== Prevention ===


Brucellosis can be prevented by not consuming [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy or undercooked meat, and  
Brucellosis can be prevented by not consuming [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy or undercooked meat, and having safe occupational practices
 




Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of brucellosis include not consuming [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy or undercooked meat, and having safe occupational practices. There are no available vaccines for humans against brucellosis.<ref name="j">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/prevention/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016</ref><ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia.


== References ==
== <ref name="j">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/prevention/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016</ref>References ==
# ↑ <sup>Jump up to:1.0</sup> <sup>1.1</sup> 
# ↑ <sup>Jump up to:1.0</sup> <sup>1.1</sup> 
# ↑ <sup>Jump up to:2.0</sup> <sup>2.1</sup> <sup>2.2</sup> <sup>2.3</sup> Brucelosis. Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucelosis. Accessed on February 2, 2016 Cite error: Invalid <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content
# ↑ <sup>Jump up to:2.0</sup> <sup>2.1</sup> <sup>2.2</sup> <sup>2.3</sup> Brucelosis. Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucelosis. Accessed on February 2, 2016 Cite error: Invalid <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content

Revision as of 10:38, 27 January 2017

Brucellosis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza Lukac Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[1]

Overview

Brucellosis is an ancient Zoonotic disease, it is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It is usually acquired by consuming unpasteurized dairy or undercooked meat products. Patients with brucellosis usually present with undulant fever, night sweats, and joint pain. Brucellosis can be easily treated with antibiotics. If left, untreated patients with brucellosis may progress to develop focal infections, relapses or chronic brucellosis. Prognosis is good with treatment.

Historial Perspective

According to some studies, there is evidence that Brucellosis occurred in animals 60 million years ago and 3 million years ago in human beings. In 450 BC, Hippocrates described a disease similar to Brucellosis.[1]

Pathophysiology

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, Humans could be infected by eating undercook meat or raw dairy products, inhalation of the bacteria, and direct contact of bacteria with skin wounds or mucous membranes. Following transmission, white blood cells phagocyte the pathogen and transports it via hematologic or lymphatic route to different organs, specially to those of the reticuloendothelial system. Endotoxic lipopolysaccharide LPS, plays an important role in survival of bacteria inside monocytic cell, supressing phagosome-lysosome fusion, and internalizing bacteria into endoplasmic reticulum.[2][3][4]

Causes

Human brucellosis is caused by four Brucellae species: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis.[5].

Differentiating Brucellosis from other Diseases

Brucellosis must be differentiated from Typhoid fever, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Lymphoma, Dengue, Leptospirosis, Rheumatic disease, Epstein-barr virus, Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus, and HIV.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Worldwide, the incidence of Brucellosis ranges from a low of 0.01 per 100,000 to high of 200 per 100,000 individuals. Case fatality rate is less than 2% when untreated. Brucellosis most commonly affects men in age group between 20 to 45 years old. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis are: 1) consuming unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products, 2) unsafe hunting practices, and 3) occupational risks.[6]

Screening

There are no guidelines for screening Brucellosis.[7][8]

Natural history, Complications and Prognosis

If left untreated, patients with brucellosis may progress to develop focal infections, relapses or chronic brucellosis. Common complications of brucellosis include: granulomatous hepatitis, arthritis, sacroiliitis, meningitis, orchitis, epididymitis uveitis, and endocarditis. The prognosis of brucellosis is good with adequate treatment.[9][10][11][12]

Diagnosis

Principles of Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on history of potential exposure, presentation consistent with the disease, and supporting laboratory findings.

[13][14][15]

History and Symptoms

Brucellosis can present with diverse clinical presentation, which include systemic flu-like symptoms and symptoms due to focal involvement of organs.

[16][17][18][19]

Physical Examination

Patients with brucellosis are usually well-appearing. Common physical examination findings include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.

[20][21][22][23]

Laboratory Findings

The diagnosis of brucellosis can be confirmed by either a positive bacterial culture or a positive titre of anti-Brucella antibodies on serological testing.

[24][25][26]

Other Diagnostic Studies

There is no specific X-ray, CT or MRI finding associated with Brucellosis.

[27][28][29]

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of therapy for brucellosis is antimicrobial therapy. The preferred regimen for uncomplicated brucellosis is a combination of Doxycycline and Streptomycin. Rifampicin is the drug of choice for brucellosis in pregnancy. For children less than 8 years of age, the preferred regimen is either Gentamycin or a combination of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Streptomycin.[30]

Prevention

Brucellosis can be prevented by not consuming unpasteurized dairy or undercooked meat, and having safe occupational practices


[31]References

  1. ↑ Jump up to:1.0 1.1 
  2. ↑ Jump up to:2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Brucelosis. Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucelosis. Accessed on February 2, 2016 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "aa" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Jump up to:3.0 3.1 Enfermedades infecciosas: Brucelosis -Diagnóstico de Brucelosis,Guia para el Equipo de Salud. Ministerio de Salud-Argentina. http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/stories/bes/graficos/0000000304cnt-guia-medica-brucelosis.pdf. Accessed on February 2, 2016
  4. ↑ Jump up to:4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "c" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref>tag; name "c" defined multiple times with different contentCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "c" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Jump up to:5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Brucellosis. CDC. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/brucellosis. Accessed on February 3, 2016 Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "f" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "f" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref>tag; name "f" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Jump up to:6.0 6.1 FAO/WHO/OIE Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO (2006). http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf Accessed on February 3, 2016
  7. ↑ Jump up to:7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 1, 2016 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref>tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different contentCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "a" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Jump up to:8.0 8.1 
  9. ↑ Jump up to:9.0 9.1 Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/treatment/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016
  10. ↑ Jump up to:10.0 10.1 Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/prevention/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016
  11. Jump up↑ Brucella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella#Characteristics. Accessed on February 2, 2016
  12. Jump up↑ 
  13. Jump up↑ 
  14. ↑ Jump up to:14.0 14.1 Brucellosis 2010 Case Definition. CDC. http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/brucellosis/case-definition/2010/. Accessed on February 2, 2016
  15. Jump up↑ Pourbagher A, Pourbagher MA, Savas L, Turunc T, Demiroglu YZ, Erol I; et al. (2006). "Epidemiologic, clinical, and imaging findings in brucellosis patients with osteoarticular involvement.". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187 (4): 873–80. PMID 16985128. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1088.
  1. ↑ Akpinar O (2016). "Historical perspective of brucellosis: a microbiological and epidemiological overview". Infez Med. 24 (1): 77–86. PMID 27031903.
  2. ↑ Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E (2005). "Brucellosis". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2325–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050570. PMID 15930423.
  3. ↑ "CDC".
  4. ↑ Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C (1996). "Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms". Infect Immun. 64 (7): 2782–6. PMC 174139. PMID 8698508.
  5. ↑ "WHO" (PDF).
  6. ↑ "CDC".
  7. ↑ Sanodze L, Bautista CT, Garuchava N, Chubinidze S, Tsertsvadze E, Broladze M; et al. (2015). "Expansion of brucellosis detection in the country of Georgia by screening household members of cases and neighboring community members". BMC Public Health. 15: 459. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1761-y. PMC 4432945. PMID 25934639.
  8. ↑ Tabak F, Hakko E, Mete B, Ozaras R, Mert A, Ozturk R (2008). "Is family screening necessary in brucellosis?". Infection. 36 (6): 575–7. doi:10.1007/s15010-008-7022-6. PMID 19011744.
  9. ↑ Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M; et al. (1996). "Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (4): 195–211. PMID 8699960.
  10. ↑ Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS (2007). "Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis". Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (3): 188–202. PMID 17901634.
  11. ↑ Overturf ML, Druihet RE, Fitz A (1979). "The effects of kallikrein, plasmin, and thrombin on hog kidney renin". J Biol Chem. 254 (23): 12078–83. PMID 159304.
  12. ↑ Doganay M, Aygen B. Human brucellosis: An overview. Int J Infect Dis 2003; 7:173.
  13. ↑ Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016
  14. ↑ Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M; et al. (1996). "Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (4): 195–211. PMID 8699960.
  15. ↑ Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS (2007). "Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis". Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (3): 188–202. PMID 17901634.
  16. ↑ Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016
  17. ↑ Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M; et al. (1996). "Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (4): 195–211. PMID 8699960.
  18. ↑ Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS (2007). "Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis". Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (3): 188–202. PMID 17901634.
  19. ↑ Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E (2005). "Brucellosis". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2325–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050570. PMID 15930423.
  20. ↑ Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016
  21. ↑ Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M; et al. (1996). "Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (4): 195–211. PMID 8699960.
  22. ↑ Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS (2007). "Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis". Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (3): 188–202. PMID 17901634.
  23. ↑ Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E (2005). "Brucellosis". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2325–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050570. PMID 15930423.
  24. ↑ Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016
  25. ↑ Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M; et al. (1996). "Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (4): 195–211. PMID 8699960.
  26. ↑ Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS (2007). "Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis". Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (3): 188–202. PMID 17901634.
  27. ↑ Brucellosis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 9, 2016
  28. ↑ Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M; et al. (1996). "Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (4): 195–211. PMID 8699960.
  29. ↑ Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS (2007). "Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis". Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (3): 188–202. PMID 17901634.
  30. ↑ Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/treatment/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016
  31. ↑ Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/prevention/index.html. Accessed on February 5, 2016
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