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[[Fungal meningitis]] rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, [[immunosuppression]] and travel history to areas where specific [[fungi]] are endemic are risk factors for [[fungal meningitis]]
[[Fungal meningitis]] rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, [[immunosuppression]] and travel history to areas where specific [[fungi]] are endemic are risk factors for [[fungal meningitis]]
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors in the development of [[fungal meningitis]] include:<ref name="pmid26392507">{{cite journal| author=Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R et al.| title=Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole. | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year= 2015 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 7857-61 | pmid=26392507 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01506-15 | pmc=4649149 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26392507  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17921648">{{cite journal| author=Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN et al.| title=Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario. | journal=Neurol India | year= 2007 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 198-215 | pmid=17921648 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17921648  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref>
Risk factors in the development of [[fungal meningitis]] include:<ref name="pmid26392507">{{cite journal| author=Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R et al.| title=Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole. | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year= 2015 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 7857-61 | pmid=26392507 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01506-15 | pmc=4649149 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26392507  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17921648">{{cite journal| author=Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN et al.| title=Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario. | journal=Neurol India | year= 2007 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 198-215 | pmid=17921648 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17921648  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7004196">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT| title=Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1980 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= 177-94 | pmid=7004196 | doi= | pmc=1903580 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7004196  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3992427">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Sabouraudia | year= 1985 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-45 | pmid=3992427 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3992427  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3899932">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1985 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-6 | pmid=3899932 | doi= | pmc=262129 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3899932  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3275587">{{cite journal| author=Mody CH, Toews GB, Lipscomb MF| title=Cyclosporin A inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1988 | volume= 56 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-12 | pmid=3275587 | doi= | pmc=259224 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3275587  }} </ref>
 
*''[[Aspergillus sp.]]''
*''[[Aspergillus sp.]]''
**[[Sinusitis]]
**[[Sinusitis]]

Revision as of 20:12, 7 February 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby; Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]

Overview

Fungal meningitis rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, immunosuppression and travel history to areas where specific fungi are endemic are risk factors for fungal meningitis

Risk Factors

Risk factors in the development of fungal meningitis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

References

  1. ↑ Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R; et al. (2015). "Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59 (12): 7857–61. doi:10.1128/AAC.01506-15. PMC 4649149. PMID 26392507.
  2. ↑ Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN; et al. (2007). "Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario". Neurol India. 55 (3): 198–215. PMID 17921648.
  3. ↑ Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA (2003). "Coccidioidomycosis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17 (1): 41–57, viii. PMID 12751260.
  4. ↑ Singh N, Husain S (2000). "Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients". Transpl Infect Dis. 2 (3): 101–11. PMID 11429020.
  5. ↑ Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D; et al. (2001). "Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996". Clin Infect Dis. 32 (5): 708–15. doi:10.1086/319203. PMID 11229838.
  6. ↑ Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR (2000). "Fungal meningitis". Semin Neurol. 20 (3): 307–22. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9394. PMID 11051295.
  7. ↑ Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD (1979). "Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem". JAMA. 242 (15): 1631–5. PMID 480580.
  8. ↑ Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT (1980). "Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits". Am J Pathol. 101 (1): 177–94. PMC 1903580. PMID 7004196.
  9. ↑ Perfect JR, Durack DT (1985). "Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis". Sabouraudia. 23 (1): 37–45. PMID 3992427.
  10. ↑ Perfect JR, Durack DT (1985). "Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis". Infect Immun. 50 (1): 22–6. PMC 262129. PMID 3899932.
  11. ↑ Mody CH, Toews GB, Lipscomb MF (1988). "Cyclosporin A inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model". Infect Immun. 56 (1): 7–12. PMC 259224. PMID 3275587.
  12. ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.

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