Chronic bronchitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The most potent risk factor for development of chronic bronchitis is | The most potent risk factor for development of chronic bronchitis is smoking. Other risk factors include: environmental exposures, genetic susceptibility, air pollution and respiratory infections. | ||
===Cigarette smoking=== | ===Cigarette smoking=== | ||
Genetic factors can influence the severity of smoking effect on airways<ref name="pmid13735539">{{cite journal |vauthors=PIERCE JA, HOCOTT JB, EBERT RV |title=The collagen and elastin content of the lung in emphysema |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=55 |issue= |pages=210–22 |year=1961 |pmid=13735539 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20956146">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raherison C, Girodet PO |title=Epidemiology of COPD |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=18 |issue=114 |pages=213–21 |year=2009 |pmid=20956146 |doi=10.1183/09059180.00003609 |url=}}</ref> | * Genetic factors can influence the severity of smoking effect on airways.<ref name="pmid13735539">{{cite journal |vauthors=PIERCE JA, HOCOTT JB, EBERT RV |title=The collagen and elastin content of the lung in emphysema |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=55 |issue= |pages=210–22 |year=1961 |pmid=13735539 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20956146">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raherison C, Girodet PO |title=Epidemiology of COPD |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=18 |issue=114 |pages=213–21 |year=2009 |pmid=20956146 |doi=10.1183/09059180.00003609 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Occupational exposure=== | ===Occupational exposure=== | ||
Dusts, gases, fumes, or organic antigens can contribute to | * Dusts, gases, fumes, or organic antigens can contribute to increased airways responsiveness.<ref name="pmid27087562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta GR, Mohammed R, Sarfraz S, Khan T, Ahmed K, Villareal M, Martinez D, Iskander J, Mohammed R |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A guide for the primary care physician |journal=Dis Mon |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=164–87 |year=2016 |pmid=27087562 |doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20956146">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raherison C, Girodet PO |title=Epidemiology of COPD |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=18 |issue=114 |pages=213–21 |year=2009 |pmid=20956146 |doi=10.1183/09059180.00003609 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10843939">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeffery PK |title=Comparison of the structural and inflammatory features of COPD and asthma. Giles F. Filley Lecture |journal=Chest |volume=117 |issue=5 Suppl 1 |pages=251S–60S |year=2000 |pmid=10843939 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Genetic factors=== | ===Genetic factors=== | ||
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is the leading genetic risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis<ref name="pmid27087562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta GR, Mohammed R, Sarfraz S, Khan T, Ahmed K, Villareal M, Martinez D, Iskander J, Mohammed R |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A guide for the primary care physician |journal=Dis Mon |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=164–87 |year=2016 |pmid=27087562 |doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20956146">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raherison C, Girodet PO |title=Epidemiology of COPD |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=18 |issue=114 |pages=213–21 |year=2009 |pmid=20956146 |doi=10.1183/09059180.00003609 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid316188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gadek JE, Fells GA, Crystal RG |title=Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans |journal=Science |volume=206 |issue=4424 |pages=1315–6 |year=1979 |pmid=316188 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin]] (AAT) deficiency is the leading genetic risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis.<ref name="pmid27087562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta GR, Mohammed R, Sarfraz S, Khan T, Ahmed K, Villareal M, Martinez D, Iskander J, Mohammed R |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A guide for the primary care physician |journal=Dis Mon |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=164–87 |year=2016 |pmid=27087562 |doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20956146">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raherison C, Girodet PO |title=Epidemiology of COPD |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=18 |issue=114 |pages=213–21 |year=2009 |pmid=20956146 |doi=10.1183/09059180.00003609 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid316188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gadek JE, Fells GA, Crystal RG |title=Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans |journal=Science |volume=206 |issue=4424 |pages=1315–6 |year=1979 |pmid=316188 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Some novel risk factors such as, small nucleotide polymorphisms and gene clusters, are assumed to be involved in developing chronic airway diseases.<ref name="pmid20522794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Han MK, Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli BR, Criner G, Curtis JL, Fabbri LM, Goldin JG, Jones PW, Macnee W, Make BJ, Rabe KF, Rennard SI, Sciurba FC, Silverman EK, Vestbo J, Washko GR, Wouters EF, Martinez FJ |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes: the future of COPD |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=182 |issue=5 |pages=598–604 |year=2010 |pmid=20522794 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200912-1843CC |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Developmentally abnormal lungs=== | ===Developmentally abnormal lungs=== | ||
Frequent childhood infection may cause scarring of lungs, decrease elasticity | * Frequent childhood infection may cause scarring of lungs, decrease elasticity, thereby increasing risk for COPD. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of chronic bronchitis include cigarette smoking, air pollution, genetic factors, increasing age, male gender, allergy, and repeated airway infections.
Risk Factors
The most potent risk factor for development of chronic bronchitis is smoking. Other risk factors include: environmental exposures, genetic susceptibility, air pollution and respiratory infections.
Cigarette smoking
Occupational exposure
- Dusts, gases, fumes, or organic antigens can contribute to increased airways responsiveness.[3][2][4]
Genetic factors
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is the leading genetic risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis.[3][2][5] Some novel risk factors such as, small nucleotide polymorphisms and gene clusters, are assumed to be involved in developing chronic airway diseases.[6]
Developmentally abnormal lungs
- Frequent childhood infection may cause scarring of lungs, decrease elasticity, thereby increasing risk for COPD.
References
- ↑ PIERCE JA, HOCOTT JB, EBERT RV (1961). "The collagen and elastin content of the lung in emphysema". Ann. Intern. Med. 55: 210–22. PMID 13735539.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Raherison C, Girodet PO (2009). "Epidemiology of COPD". Eur Respir Rev. 18 (114): 213–21. doi:10.1183/09059180.00003609. PMID 20956146.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mehta GR, Mohammed R, Sarfraz S, Khan T, Ahmed K, Villareal M, Martinez D, Iskander J, Mohammed R (2016). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A guide for the primary care physician". Dis Mon. 62 (6): 164–87. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.002. PMID 27087562.
- ↑ Jeffery PK (2000). "Comparison of the structural and inflammatory features of COPD and asthma. Giles F. Filley Lecture". Chest. 117 (5 Suppl 1): 251S–60S. PMID 10843939.
- ↑ Gadek JE, Fells GA, Crystal RG (1979). "Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans". Science. 206 (4424): 1315–6. PMID 316188.
- ↑ Han MK, Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli BR, Criner G, Curtis JL, Fabbri LM, Goldin JG, Jones PW, Macnee W, Make BJ, Rabe KF, Rennard SI, Sciurba FC, Silverman EK, Vestbo J, Washko GR, Wouters EF, Martinez FJ (2010). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes: the future of COPD". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 182 (5): 598–604. doi:10.1164/rccm.200912-1843CC. PMID 20522794.