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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
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| Hypoparathyroidism can have a number of divergent causes:
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| * Removal of the parathyroid glands in [[thyroid]] surgery ([[thyroidectomy]]) is a recognised cause. It is now uncommon, as [[surgery|surgeon]]s generally spare them during the procedure after identifying them.
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| * [[Autoimmune disorder|Autoimmune]] invasion and destruction is the most common non-surgical cause. It can occur as part of [[autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]]s.
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| * [[Hemochromatosis]] can lead to iron accumulation and consequent dysfunction of a number of endocrine organs, including the parathyroids.
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| * Absence or dysfunction of the parathyroid glands is one of the components of [[Chromosome 22, microdeletion 22 q11|chromosome 22q11 microdeletion syndrome]] (other names: DiGeorge syndrome, Schprintzen syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome).
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| * [[Magnesium]] deficiency
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| * Some very [[rare disease]]s
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| * Idiopathic (of unknown cause), occasionally familial
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| ===Life Threatening Causes=== | | ===Life Threatening Causes=== |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Hypoparathyroidism is commonly caused by autoimmune endocrine dysfunction, iron and magnesium deficiency in the blood, and surgical removal or alteration of the thyroid gland. Metastatic causes of hypoparathyroidism, including pituitary gland carcinoma, are life threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbitiy.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
|
No underlying causes
|
| Chemical/Poisoning
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dental
|
Bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis syndrome
|
| Dermatologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
No underlying causes
|
| Ear Nose Throat
|
No underlying causes
|
| Endocrine
|
Abnormal parathyroid gland development, Abnormal pth synthesis, Addison's disease, Adenylyl cyclase dysfunction , Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome , Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia , Calcium-sensing receptor activation, Congenital lack of parathyroid glands, Fahr disease, Hungry bone syndrome , Parathyroid inflammation, Parathyroid surgery, Pituitary iron overload , Pituitary metastasis, Polyendocrine deficiency syndrome , Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome , Primary adrenal insufficiency, Radical neck dissection, Thyroid surgery , Thyroidectomy
|
| Environmental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Gastroenterologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Genetic
|
22q11.2 deletion syndrome , Alport syndrome , Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia , Bangstad syndrome , Barakat syndrome , Bird-headed dwarfism , Chromosome 10, monosomy 10p, Chromosome 10p deletion syndrome, Chromosome 22q deletion syndrome , Chromosome 22q deletion , Congenital lack of parathyroid glands, Dahlberg syndrome , Deletion 10pter , Digeorge syndrome, Fahr disease, Genetic disorders, Kenny-caffey-linarelli syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome
|
| Hematologic
|
Calcium-sensing receptor activation, Hemochromatosis , Hemosiderosis, Hypomagnesemia, Magnesium deficiency, Pituitary iron overload
|
| Iatrogenic
|
Hungry bone syndrome , Idiopathic , Parathyroid surgery, Parathyroidectomy, Radiation, Radical neck dissection, Radioactive iodine treatment, Thyroid surgery , Thyroidectomy
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Hiv , Parathyroid inflammation
|
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
|
Ataxia , Bird-headed dwarfism
|
| Neurologic
|
Ataxia , Bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis syndrome
|
| Nutritional/Metabolic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Oncologic
|
Carcinoma, Pituitary metastasis
|
| Ophthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose/Toxicity
|
No underlying causes
|
| Psychiatric
|
No underlying causes
|
| Pulmonary
|
No underlying causes
|
| Renal/Electrolyte
|
No underlying causes
|
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
|
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome , Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome
|
| Sexual
|
No underlying causes
|
| Trauma
|
No underlying causes
|
| Urologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Miscellaneous
|
No underlying causes
|
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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References
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