Sandbox:Aditya: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Aditya Ganti (talk | contribs)
Bureaucrats, bureaucrats, nocaptcha, Administrators
11,402 edits
Aditya Ganti (talk | contribs)
Bureaucrats, bureaucrats, nocaptcha, Administrators
11,402 edits
Line 68: Line 68:
*Surrounded by neutrophils
*Surrounded by neutrophils
[[Image: Actinomyces.high magnification.jpg|center|500px]]
[[Image: Actinomyces.high magnification.jpg|center|500px]]
There is a greater disease incidence in males between the ages of 20 and 60 years than in females.<ref name="fitzp">{{cite book | author=Wolff K, Goldsmith L A, Katz S, Gilchrist B A, Paller A, and Leffell D J | title=Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th Ed. | publisher=McGraw Hill | year=2007}}</ref> Before antibiotic treatments became available, the incidence in the Netherlands and Germany was 1 per 100,000&nbsp;people/year. Incidence in the U.S. in the 1970s was 1 per 300,000&nbsp;people/year, while in Germany in 1984, it was estimated to be 1 per 40,000&nbsp;people/year.<ref name="fitzp"/> The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) has increased incidence of genitourinary actinomycosis in females.<!-- too many citations?: ref name="fitzp"/> --> Incidence of oral actinomycosis, which is harder to diagnose, has increased.<ref name="fitzp"/>
==Prognosis==
*The factors that affect mortality of actinomycosis depends on the site of infection, the time to diagnosis, and the time to the start of appropriate treatment
*The highest mortality seen in central nervous system disease. It is therefore crucial to make an early and accurate diagnosis of actinomycosis.
*Mortality range from 0% to 28%.( hightest being in CNS)

Revision as of 15:19, 20 March 2017

Actinomycosis

Classification

Actinomycosis can be classified based on the anatomical site involved into

Orocervicofacial actinomycosis

Thoracic actinomycosis

Abdominopelvic actinomycosis

central nervous system actinomycosis

Musculoskeletal actinomycosis

Disseminated actinomycosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • Actinomycosis is a rare disease.
  • Maintaining proper oral hygiene and with widespread use of antibiotics its incidence had been declined
  • In 1970, its annual incidence was 1 per 300,000.

Age

Actinomycosis commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children

Gender

Males are more commonly affected by actinomycosis than females.

Pathophysiology

Transmission

  • Actinomyces are part of natural flora of human body,resides in the oral cavity, lower gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract.
  • They are non virulent under normal conditions
  • When there is break in the mucosa, anywhere from the mouth to the rectum they reach tissues and cause damage.

Route of transmission

Cervicofacial

Rupture of mucosa during dental surgeries and poor oral hygiene

Thoracic

Aspiration of inoculum

Abdominal

Disrupture during abdominal surgery or perforated viscus

Pelvic

Placement of IUD

Incubation

Incubation period of Actinomycosis varies from one to four weeks. But occasionally, it may be as long as several months. 

Dissemination

Following transmission, lesions spread by direct extension.

Seeding

  • Once the endogenous bacteria are introduced into the tissues, they multiply due to low oxygen tension.
  • It triggers an inflammatory reaction which results in formation of hard yellow hard granules(sulfur granules).
  • These are solidified bacterial filaments with surrounding tissue exudates.
  • Abscesses with fibrous walls and pus along with sulfur granules develop.
  • It finally drain out through sinuses.

Immune response

Actinomycosis elicits both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

Microscopic pathology

  • Positive for sulphur granules in pus
  • Gram positive organism with branching filaments forming segment-like structures
  • Surrounded by neutrophils

Prognosis

  • The factors that affect mortality of actinomycosis depends on the site of infection, the time to diagnosis, and the time to the start of appropriate treatment
  • The highest mortality seen in central nervous system disease. It is therefore crucial to make an early and accurate diagnosis of actinomycosis.
  • Mortality range from 0% to 28%.( hightest being in CNS)
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Aditya&oldid=1301523"