Retroperitoneal abscess

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [2]

Overview

Retroperitoneal abscess is an unusual type of abscess in surgical practice. It is often underdiagnosed due to the insidious onset of symptoms and its location in the retroperitoneal space making it hard to be accessible for the regular abdominal examination. It is most often due to Genitourinary infection (etc Pyelonephritis) or gastrointestinal cause (etc Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome). CT & MRI are the cornerstones for diagnosis. Treatment is usually focused on surgical drainage either through open or percutaneous approaches usually accompanied with the use of IV antibiotics .

Historical perspective

• Retroperitoneal abscess was first described by Grassi and Serge in 1887.
• Dr. Hugh Cabbot presented the first case of retroperitonal abscess in a case report in 1922.

Classification

Retroperitoneal abscess may be classified according to the location in the retroperitoneal space into 5 categories  :

• Perinephric
• Upper retroperitoneal
• Pelvic
• Combined retroperitoneal and pelvic
• Lٍٍocalized musculoskeletal

Pathophysiology

Case courtesy of Dr Matt Skalski, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/44105">rID: 44105</a>

Pathogenesis

Retroperitoneal abscess is usually secondary to spread from other primary site either hematogenous or by contiguous spread. The bacteria causing the abscess depends on the primary site. When the bacteria invades the retroperitoneal tissue, toxins released from it destroy the tissue & trigger an inflammatory response. As a result of the inflammatory response, White Blood Cells get recruited. They phagocytose the invading bacteria but at the same time they break down the infected tissue. The healthy tissues around enclose the area with a membrane surrounding the abscess. After pus evacuation, the membrane grows in to fill the cavity.

Microscopic Findings

Abscess consists of a mixture of inflammatory cells together with debris tissue. From the surrounding wall grows some capillaries to form granulation tissue. If body defenses are successful in eliminating the infection, the granulation tissue continues to grow and the abscess continues to shrink in size until it is only a scar. If the offending pathogen is not cleared, the process goes on and may even spread.

Causes

Retroperitoneal Abscess may be caused by :

• E. Coli or Proteus spp (if primary is from the urinary tract)
• Multibacterial & anaerobes (if gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the primary source)
• Staphylococcus aureus (if from distant septic focus)
• Tuberculosis (if secondary to Pott’s disease)

Differentiating Retroperitoneal Abscess from other Diseases

Disease	Clinical feature			Laboratory findings	Imaging findings
	Fever	Weight loss	Abdominal pain
Retroperitoneal abscess	✔		✔	Leukocytosis, positive inflammatory markers	MRI is the best radiologic tool to differentiate between retroperitoneal masses.
Retroperitoneal hematoma			✔	Anemia
Retroperitoneal tumors (.e.g. liposarcoma)	✔	✔	✔	positive tumor marker
Chronic pancreatitis		✔	✔	DM type II, amylase and lipase levels may be slightly elevated

Epidemiology and Demographics

Retroperitoneal abscess is far less common than Intraperitoneal abscesses.

• Males are slightly more susceptible than females.
• Increased incidence between third and sixth decades.
• Most common cause in developing countries is spread from distant septic focus.
• Most common cause in developed countries are Renal and GI causes .

Risk Factors

Any septic focus can theoretically lead to retroperitoneal abscess. These are the primary foci in order of frequency to cause retroperitoneal abscess.

• Renal infections : spread from the urinary tract is the most common cause.
• Gastrointestinal diseases : Spread from the gastrointestinal tract is the second common cause like perforated appendix, perforated colon cancer, Diverticulitis and Crohn’s disease.
• Bone infection : pott's disease or osteomyelitis
• Hematogenous spread : from distant septic foci.
• Iatrogenic : following abdominal or pelvic surgery.

Any condition compromising the immune system is a risk factor for developing retroperitoneal abscess. The following were the risk factors in order of frequency in observed patients

• Diabetes Mellitus
• Cirrhosis
• Malignancy
• Remote infection
• Glucocorticoids administration
• Chronic renal failure

Screening

According to the USPSTF, screening for retroperitoneal abscess is not recommended.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis:

Natural History

If left untreated, Retroperitoneal abscess may cause septicemia with very high incidence of morbidity and mortality.

Complications :

Most complications result from septicemia which presents late in the disease

• Pneumonia and respiratory failure type 1 is the most common complication with very high mortality.
• Recurrent Abscess after drainage.
• Renal Failure
• DVT
• Small Bowel Obstruction
• Arterial Thrombosis
• UTI
• Brain Abscess
• Empyema
• Osteomyelitis

Prognosis

Depending on the extent of the abscess at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, with the presence of the mentioned factors below, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor.

• Septicemia (Positive Blood Culture) : Not present in every patient but when present, it is a very poor prognostic sign.
• Number of days for fever to fade away after drainage : Persistence of fever more than 4 days carries a mortality more than 70%.

Diagnosis

History

Detailed history should be obtained from the patient presenting with insidious onset of abdominal pain. Common causes should be investigated (Kidney and gastrointestinal diseases) especially in the presence of any of the risk factors (as DM and corticosteroid administration).

Symptoms :

Given that the presentation is usually insidious, nonspecific besides that it’s unusual condition.. this all delays the diagnosis.

Common symptoms:

• Fever is the most common complaint usually, more than 101 F.
• Constitutional symptoms : Chills, malaise, anorexia and weight loss.
• Abdominal pain : Non localized due to the unusual site of the abscess.

Less common symptoms:

• Gastrointestinal complaints which varied from case to case
• If abscess involves psoas major muscle, pain is usually referred to the hip, groin and knee.

Physical Exam

General Appearance

The patient is usually fatigued & looking ill due to the preexisting risk factor. In advanced cases with septicemia, the patient may be drowsy with decreased level of consciousness.

Vital signs

• Fever
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Hypotension (if shocked)

Abdominal Examination

• Abdominal tenderness is often present (localized)
• Positive psoas sign if the psoas muscle is involved.
• The classic signs of peritonitis is absent (making the diagnosis more difficult).

Lab Findings

• Classic lab findings of inflammation as leukocytosis, high ESR, high CRP ,etc, ...Leukocytosis is usually not very high (between 10.000 and 20.000 in most cases)
• Blood culture is not always positive (but carries a grave prognosis if +ve).Organism depends on the source of abscess as mentioned above in pathophysiology.

Radiological Findings

CT & MRI are the 2 most important radiological diagnostic tools.

• The image shows retroperitoneal abscess in left side with gas bubbles inside (circled area)

CT

• CT shows fluid collection in the retroperitoneal space and may also show gas bubbles. It is also helpful in determining the primary source of the abscess.

MRI

• shows the same findings as CT, but more accurate.

Ultrasonography

• Not the preferred diagnostic tool because of the remote site of the abscess.

Treatment

Medical Treatment

• Intravenous empiric antibiotics should be started till results of the cultures are available.

Initial Empiric antibiotic therapy for community acquired intraabdominal infections

Regimen	Pediatrics	Adults
		Mild - Moderate infection	Severe infection
Single agent	Ertapenem, meropenem, imipenem, cilastatin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, and piperacillin-tazobactam	Cefoxitin, ertapenem, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid	Imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem, doripenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam
Combination	Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, or ceftazidime, each in combination with metronidazole; gentamicin or tobramycin, each in combination with metronidazole or clindamycin, and with or without ampicillin	Cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin, each in combination with metronidazole.	Cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin, each in combination with metronidazole.

^{Initial Empiric antibiotic therapy for health care associated intraabdominal infections.}

Organisms that are common in health care facility	Regimen
	Carbapenem	Aminoglycoside	Ceftazidime or cefepime, each with metronidazole	Piperacillin-tazobactam	Vancomycin
<20% Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, or other multidrug resistant gram-negative bacilli	Recommended	Not recommended	Recommended	Recommended	Not recommended†
Extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae	Recommended	Recommended	Not recommended	Recommended	Not recommended
P. aeruginosa 120% resistant to ceftazidime	Recommended	Recommended	Not recommended	Recommended	Not recommended
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	Not recommended	Not recommended	Not recommended	Not recommended	Recommended

• Drainage of the abscess is a must and using medical treatment alone carries a mortality rate approaching 100 % in some studies.

Surgical Treatment :

• Operative treatment is usually preferred unless in special cases when it is contraindicated.
• Retroperitoneal or pelvic approaches are much preferred than transperitoneal approach due to better outcomes and decreased probability of intraperitoneal spread.