Staphylococcus aureus infection pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly virulent bacteria that has been recognized as a cause of a wide variety of diseases in humans. Approximately 60% of humans are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (the nasal membranes and skin are the common habitat).<ref name="pmid26142662">{{cite journal| author=Chessa D, Ganau G, Mazzarello V| title=An overview of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with a focus on developing countries. | journal=J Infect Dev Ctries | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 547-50 | pmid=26142662 | doi=10.3855/jidc.6923 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26142662 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25749135">{{cite journal| author=Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR| title=Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 185 | issue= 6 | pages= 1518-27 | pmid=25749135 | doi=10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030 | pmc=4450319 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25749135 }} </ref> Several strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria exist. The characteristic attribute of a particular strain such as toxins and extracellular factors, invasive properties (such as adherence, biofilm formation, and resistance to phagocytosis), as well as the immune defense mechanisms of the host, majorly determine the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infection.<ref name="pmid26142662">{{cite journal| author=Chessa D, Ganau G, Mazzarello V| title=An overview of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with a focus on developing countries. | journal=J Infect Dev Ctries | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 547-50 | pmid=26142662 | doi=10.3855/jidc.6923 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26142662 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22137885">{{cite journal| author=Krishna S, Miller LS| title=Host-pathogen interactions between the skin and Staphylococcus aureus. | journal=Curr Opin Microbiol | year= 2012 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-35 | pmid=22137885 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.003 | pmc=3265682 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22137885 }} </ref> Staphylococcus aureus causes several infections ranging from mild infections to invasive diseases that are life threatening. | Staphylococcus aureus is a highly virulent bacteria that has been recognized as a cause of a wide variety of diseases in humans. Approximately 60% of humans are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (the nasal membranes and skin are the common habitat).<ref name="pmid26142662">{{cite journal| author=Chessa D, Ganau G, Mazzarello V| title=An overview of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with a focus on developing countries. | journal=J Infect Dev Ctries | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 547-50 | pmid=26142662 | doi=10.3855/jidc.6923 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26142662 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25749135">{{cite journal| author=Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR| title=Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 185 | issue= 6 | pages= 1518-27 | pmid=25749135 | doi=10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030 | pmc=4450319 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25749135 }} </ref> Several strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria exist. The characteristic attribute of a particular strain such as toxins and extracellular factors, invasive properties (such as adherence, biofilm formation, and resistance to phagocytosis), as well as the immune defense mechanisms of the host, majorly determine the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infection.<ref name="pmid26142662">{{cite journal| author=Chessa D, Ganau G, Mazzarello V| title=An overview of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with a focus on developing countries. | journal=J Infect Dev Ctries | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 547-50 | pmid=26142662 | doi=10.3855/jidc.6923 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26142662 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22137885">{{cite journal| author=Krishna S, Miller LS| title=Host-pathogen interactions between the skin and Staphylococcus aureus. | journal=Curr Opin Microbiol | year= 2012 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-35 | pmid=22137885 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.003 | pmc=3265682 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22137885 }} </ref> Staphylococcus aureus causes several infections ranging from mild infections to invasive diseases that are life threatening. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus include skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, pneumonia, infective endocarditis and sepsis. Some of the virulence factors that have been recognized in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections include:<ref name="pmid23541411">{{cite journal| author=Grumann D, Nübel U, Bröker BM| title=Staphylococcus aureus toxins--their functions and genetics. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2014 | volume= 21 | issue= | pages= 583-92 | pmid=23541411 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23541411 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22919643">{{cite journal| author=Xu SX, McCormick JK| title=Staphylococcal superantigens in colonization and disease. | journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol | year= 2012 | volume= 2 | issue= | pages= 52 | pmid=22919643 | doi=10.3389/fcimb.2012.00052 | pmc=3417409 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22919643 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25749135">{{cite journal| author=Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR| title=Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 185 | issue= 6 | pages= 1518-27 | pmid=25749135 | doi=10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030 | pmc=4450319 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25749135 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22137885">Krishna S, Miller LS (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22137885 Host-pathogen interactions between the skin and Staphylococcus aureus.] ''Curr Opin Microbiol'' 15 (1):28-35. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.003 DOI:10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.003] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22137885 22137885]</ref> | ||
* '''Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs)''' | * '''Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs)''' | ||
# These have been strongly implicated in a wide range of illnesses such as toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. | # These have been strongly implicated in a wide range of illnesses such as toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. | ||
Revision as of 15:13, 9 May 2017
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Staphylococcus aureus infection Main page |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Pathophysiology
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly virulent bacteria that has been recognized as a cause of a wide variety of diseases in humans. Approximately 60% of humans are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (the nasal membranes and skin are the common habitat).[1][2] Several strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria exist. The characteristic attribute of a particular strain such as toxins and extracellular factors, invasive properties (such as adherence, biofilm formation, and resistance to phagocytosis), as well as the immune defense mechanisms of the host, majorly determine the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infection.[1][3] Staphylococcus aureus causes several infections ranging from mild infections to invasive diseases that are life threatening. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus include skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, pneumonia, infective endocarditis and sepsis. Some of the virulence factors that have been recognized in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections include:[4][5][2][3]
- Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs)
- These have been strongly implicated in a wide range of illnesses such as toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning.
- Several studies also suggest staphylococcal superantigens play a role in diseases such as atopic dermatitis, some forms of psoriasis, Kawasaki disease, and chronic rhinosinusitis.
- Staphylococcal superantigens are exotoxins with more than 20 distinct types, and most staphylococcus aureus strains encode many superantigen gene. Staphylococcus superantigens include staphylococcal enterotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin-like proteins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1.
- Staphylococcal enterotoxins cause food poisoning via ingestion of contaminated food. These enterotoxins have a very high stability and they are not easily denatured by heat and low pH (mild cooking or food digestion in the stomach cannot easily eradicate these toxins).
- Unlike most conventional peptides that stimulate roughly 1% of naive T-cells, a staphylococcal superantigen can simultaneously activate a large proportion of T lymphocytes (up to 20%).
- Staphylococcal superantigens are distinct because of their ability to bypass highly specific antigen-driven interaction between T-cells and antigen presenting cells.
- The superantigens can uniquely activate T lymphocytes by directly crosslinking certain TCR Vβ (T cell receptor β-chain variable domain).
- Numerous superantigen-activated T cells can then release several proinflammatory cytokines (this can lead to a “cytokine storm” phenomenon in severe cases, as seen in toxic shock syndrome). Superantigens also activate antigen presenting cells and this contributes to cytokine release.
- Alpha-hemolysin (α-toxin)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chessa D, Ganau G, Mazzarello V (2015). "An overview of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with a focus on developing countries". J Infect Dev Ctries. 9 (6): 547–50. doi:10.3855/jidc.6923. PMID 26142662.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR (2015). "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus abscesses". Am J Pathol. 185 (6): 1518–27. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030. PMC 4450319. PMID 25749135.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Krishna S, Miller LS (2012). "Host-pathogen interactions between the skin and Staphylococcus aureus". Curr Opin Microbiol. 15 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.003. PMC 3265682. PMID 22137885.
- ↑ Grumann D, Nübel U, Bröker BM (2014). "Staphylococcus aureus toxins--their functions and genetics". Infect Genet Evol. 21: 583–92. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.013. PMID 23541411.
- ↑ Xu SX, McCormick JK (2012). "Staphylococcal superantigens in colonization and disease". Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2: 52. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00052. PMC 3417409. PMID 22919643.