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==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*In 1908, Nicolle & Manceaux discovered Toxoplasma gondii for the first time.
*In 1908, Nicolle and Manceaux described the [[Parasites|parasite]] in the [[blood]], [[spleen]] and [[liver]] of a North African rodent–gundi (Ctenodactylus gundi) and named it Leishmania gondii.<ref name="pmid19217908">{{cite journal| author=Weiss LM, Dubey JP| title=Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. | journal=Int J Parasitol | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 8 | pages= 895-901 | pmid=19217908 | doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004 | pmc=2704023 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19217908  }}</ref>
*In 1909, Nicolle & Manceaux differentiated toxoplasma gondii from ''[[Leishmania]]'' and also coined the term ''Toxoplasmosis gondii'' after the rodent,Ctenodactylus gundi, from which they isolated the parasite.<ref name=Sukthana_2006>{{cite journal |author=Sukthana Y |title=Toxoplasmosis: beyond animals to humans |journal=TRENDS in Parisitology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=137 |year=2006}}</ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6W7G-4J55654-3-3&_cdi=6626&_user=427455&_orig=search&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2006&_sk=999779996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzS&md5=10087511e28d0e025255efed0d310bdf&ie=/sdarticle.pdf].  
*In 1909, Nicolle and Manceaux renamed the parasite as [[T.gondii]].<ref name="pmid192179082">{{cite journal| author=Weiss LM, Dubey JP| title=Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. | journal=Int J Parasitol | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 8 | pages= 895-901 | pmid=19217908 | doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004 | pmc=2704023 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19217908  }}</ref>
*In 1923, first congenital case was reported
*In 1937, Sabin & Olitsky described that [[Toxoplasma gondii|toxoplasma]] was an [[Obligate parasite|obligate]] [[intracellular]] parasite and could be passed onto laboratory animals by intracranial,  subcutaneous, [[intraperitoneal]] inoculation of brain homogenates (The slurry of tissues and cells which results when cell structure has been mechanically disrupted). They have also suggested that ingestion of [[Toxoplasma gondii|toxoplasma]] contaminated tissue can result in [[Toxoplasmosis congenital|toxoplasmosis]].<ref name="Heath1945">{{cite journal|last1=Heath|first1=Parker|title=TOXOPLASMOSIS|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|volume=33|issue=3|year=1945|pages=184|issn=0093-0326|doi=10.1001/archopht.1945.00890150028003}}</ref>
*In 1937, Sabin and Olitsky isolated the first viable T.gondi using cross protection
*In 1937 to 1940, Wolf and Cowen have described necrotic and [[granulomatous]] lesions on autopsy of a 3 day old infant's brain infected with [[Toxoplasma gondii|toxoplasma]]. They have also reported that the mothers were asymptomatic but carried antibodies against [[Toxoplasma gondii|toxoplasma]] and the possibility of congenital transmission was expressed.<ref name="Paige1942">{{cite journal|last1=Paige|first1=Beryl H.|title=TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS|journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children|volume=63|issue=3|year=1942|pages=474|issn=0096-8994|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1942.02010030044004}}</ref>
*In 1940, first adult case was reported
*In 1940, Pinkerton and Weinman reported the first fatal case of [[toxoplasmosis]] in an adult.<ref name="pmid192179083">{{cite journal| author=Weiss LM, Dubey JP| title=Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. | journal=Int J Parasitol | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 8 | pages= 895-901 | pmid=19217908 | doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004 | pmc=2704023 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19217908 }}</ref>
*In 1948, a [[serological]] dye test was created by Sabin & Feldman, which is now the standard basis for diagnostic tests.<ref>http://www.pamf.org/serology/clinicianguide.html#toxosero</ref>
*In 1948, Sabin and Feldman developed a [[Serological testing|serological]] test to identify infected individuals by using [[antibodies]] specific to [[Toxoplasma gondii|toxoplasma]], called the Sabin Feldman Dye test. The [[Serological testing|serological]] test when used in large population studies showed a high proportion of humans and domestic animals carried [[antibodies]] against [[Toxoplasma gondii|toxoplasma]].<ref name="pmid17744024">{{cite journal| author=Sabin AB, Feldman HA| title=Dyes as Microchemical Indicators of a New Immunity Phenomenon Affecting a Protozoon Parasite (Toxoplasma). | journal=Science | year= 1948 | volume= 108 | issue= 2815 | pages= 660-3 | pmid=17744024 | doi=10.1126/science.108.2815.660 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17744024  }} </ref>
*In 1953, scientists discovered that toxoplasmosis can cause schizophrenia.
*In 1965, Desmonts described that ingestion of under-cooked and uncooked meat plays a role in the pathogenesis of [[toxoplasmosis]].<ref name="pmid5853186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Desmonts G, Couvreur J, Alison F, Baudelot J, Gerbeaux J, Lelong M |title=[Epidemiological study on toxoplasmosis: the influence of cooking slaughter-animal meat on the incidence of human infection] |language=French |journal=Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=952–8 |year=1965 |pmid=5853186 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
*In 1970, Dubley described the life cycle of the [[Parasites|parasite]] and established that the cats are the [[Definitive host|definitive]] hosts and any warm blooded animal can be an [[Intermediate and definitive hosts|intermediate]] host.<ref name="pmid5467864">{{cite journal| author=Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK| title=Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii. | journal=J Parasitol | year= 1970 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 447-56 | pmid=5467864 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5467864  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4927658">{{cite journal| author=Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK| title=The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces. | journal=J Exp Med | year= 1970 | volume= 132 | issue= 4 | pages= 636-62 | pmid=4927658 | doi= | pmc=2138867 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4927658  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5359949">{{cite journal| author=Hutchison WM, Dunachie JF, Siim JC, Work K| title=Life cycle of toxoplasma gondii. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1969 | volume= 4 | issue= 5686 | pages= 806 | pmid=5359949 | doi= | pmc=1630290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5359949  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:05, 25 May 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Historical Perspective

  • In 1908, Nicolle and Manceaux described the parasite in the blood, spleen and liver of a North African rodent–gundi (Ctenodactylus gundi) and named it Leishmania gondii.[1]
  • In 1909, Nicolle and Manceaux renamed the parasite as T.gondii.[2]
  • In 1937, Sabin & Olitsky described that toxoplasma was an obligate intracellular parasite and could be passed onto laboratory animals by intracranial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal inoculation of brain homogenates (The slurry of tissues and cells which results when cell structure has been mechanically disrupted). They have also suggested that ingestion of toxoplasma contaminated tissue can result in toxoplasmosis.[3]
  • In 1937 to 1940, Wolf and Cowen have described necrotic and granulomatous lesions on autopsy of a 3 day old infant's brain infected with toxoplasma. They have also reported that the mothers were asymptomatic but carried antibodies against toxoplasma and the possibility of congenital transmission was expressed.[4]
  • In 1940, Pinkerton and Weinman reported the first fatal case of toxoplasmosis in an adult.[5]
  • In 1948, Sabin and Feldman developed a serological test to identify infected individuals by using antibodies specific to toxoplasma, called the Sabin Feldman Dye test. The serological test when used in large population studies showed a high proportion of humans and domestic animals carried antibodies against toxoplasma.[6]
  • In 1965, Desmonts described that ingestion of under-cooked and uncooked meat plays a role in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis.[7]
  • In 1970, Dubley described the life cycle of the parasite and established that the cats are the definitive hosts and any warm blooded animal can be an intermediate host.[8][9][10]

References

  1. ↑ Weiss LM, Dubey JP (2009). "Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations". Int J Parasitol. 39 (8): 895–901. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004. PMC 2704023. PMID 19217908.
  2. ↑ Weiss LM, Dubey JP (2009). "Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations". Int J Parasitol. 39 (8): 895–901. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004. PMC 2704023. PMID 19217908.
  3. ↑ Heath, Parker (1945). "TOXOPLASMOSIS". Archives of Ophthalmology. 33 (3): 184. doi:10.1001/archopht.1945.00890150028003. ISSN 0093-0326.
  4. ↑ Paige, Beryl H. (1942). "TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 63 (3): 474. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1942.02010030044004. ISSN 0096-8994.
  5. ↑ Weiss LM, Dubey JP (2009). "Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations". Int J Parasitol. 39 (8): 895–901. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004. PMC 2704023. PMID 19217908.
  6. ↑ Sabin AB, Feldman HA (1948). "Dyes as Microchemical Indicators of a New Immunity Phenomenon Affecting a Protozoon Parasite (Toxoplasma)". Science. 108 (2815): 660–3. doi:10.1126/science.108.2815.660. PMID 17744024.
  7. ↑ Desmonts G, Couvreur J, Alison F, Baudelot J, Gerbeaux J, Lelong M (1965). "[Epidemiological study on toxoplasmosis: the influence of cooking slaughter-animal meat on the incidence of human infection]". Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol (in French). 10 (9): 952–8. PMID 5853186.
  8. ↑ Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK (1970). "Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii". J Parasitol. 56 (3): 447–56. PMID 5467864.
  9. ↑ Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK (1970). "The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces". J Exp Med. 132 (4): 636–62. PMC 2138867. PMID 4927658.
  10. ↑ Hutchison WM, Dunachie JF, Siim JC, Work K (1969). "Life cycle of toxoplasma gondii". Br Med J. 4 (5686): 806. PMC 1630290. PMID 5359949.


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