Esophageal candidiasis laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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==Laboratory findings== | ==Laboratory findings== | ||
Lab findings: | |||
Both [[Smear test|smears]] and [[Biopsy|biopsies]] can be stained by [[Periodic acid-Schiff stain|periodic acid Schiff stain]] which stains the walls of the fungi red. | |||
[[Candida]] also can be stained using [[gram stain]] (strongly [[gram positive]])<ref name="pmid22842360">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kumaraswamy KL, Vidhya M, Rao PK, Mukunda A |title=Oral biopsy: oral pathologist's perspective |journal=J Cancer Res Ther |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=192–8 |year=2012 |pmid=22842360 |doi=10.4103/0973-1482.98969 |url=}}</ref> | |||
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![[Image:Calbicans.jpg|center|400px|thumb|Candida albicans - By Y tambe - Y tambe's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=233284 ]] | |||
![[Image:Candida albicans on Sabaroud agar medium - By Sun14916 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=18864149.jpg|center|400px|thumb|Candida albicans on Sabaroud agar medium - By Sun14916 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=18864149 ]] | |||
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|[[Image:Candida albicans 2 - By GrahamColm - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=10921762.jpg|center|400px|thumb|Candida albicans - By GrahamColm - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=10921762 ]] | |||
|[[Image:Candida albicans (sputum) - By CDC Brinkman - 1963, Public Domain, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=2119141.jpg|center|400px|thumb|Candida albicans (sputum) - By CDC Brinkman - 1963, Public Domain, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=2119141 ]] | |||
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Patients having esophageal candidiasis should be screened for the presence of HIV infection: | |||
====Screening Tests==== | |||
Most HIV tests used to screen for HIV infection detect the presence of antibodies against HIV. Detectable antibodies usually develop within 2–8 weeks after infection, but may take longer. There are three different screening tests: | |||
# [[ELISA]] test (based on antigen-antibody and enzyme substrate reactions). | |||
# Rapid Tests ([[Dot blot]] and [[Latex fixation test|Latex Agglutination Tests]]). | |||
# Simple Tests (Particle [[agglutination]] tests). | |||
Both simple and rapid tests are readily available and cheaper as compared to ELISA although they may not be as sensitive. | |||
====Supplemental Tests==== | |||
These are used to validate results obtained by the screening tests and are of two types: | |||
# [[Western blot]] tests | |||
# [[Immunofluorescence]] tests | |||
====Confirmatory Tests==== | |||
These test aim at the following: | |||
# Demonstration of Viral Antigen (P24). | |||
# Isolation of HIV. | |||
# Detection of viral nucleic acid. | |||
The confirmatory tests can diagnose HIV infection even during the [[window period]] (initial two to three weeks of infection), in which both the screening and the supplemental tests fail to diagnose the infection. However these are done in the reference centers thus time consuming and costly. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:39, 25 May 2017
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Esophageal candidiasis Microchapters |
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Esophageal candidiasis laboratory findings On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Esophageal candidiasis laboratory findings |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [2]
Overview
Laboratory findings
Lab findings:
Both smears and biopsies can be stained by periodic acid Schiff stain which stains the walls of the fungi red. Candida also can be stained using gram stain (strongly gram positive)[1]
 |
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|---|---|
 |
_-_By_CDC_Brinkman_-_1963,_Public_Domain,_httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid%3D2119141.jpg) |
Patients having esophageal candidiasis should be screened for the presence of HIV infection:
Screening Tests
Most HIV tests used to screen for HIV infection detect the presence of antibodies against HIV. Detectable antibodies usually develop within 2–8 weeks after infection, but may take longer. There are three different screening tests:
- ELISA test (based on antigen-antibody and enzyme substrate reactions).
- Rapid Tests (Dot blot and Latex Agglutination Tests).
- Simple Tests (Particle agglutination tests).
Both simple and rapid tests are readily available and cheaper as compared to ELISA although they may not be as sensitive.
Supplemental Tests
These are used to validate results obtained by the screening tests and are of two types:
- Western blot tests
- Immunofluorescence tests
Confirmatory Tests
These test aim at the following:
- Demonstration of Viral Antigen (P24).
- Isolation of HIV.
- Detection of viral nucleic acid.
The confirmatory tests can diagnose HIV infection even during the window period (initial two to three weeks of infection), in which both the screening and the supplemental tests fail to diagnose the infection. However these are done in the reference centers thus time consuming and costly.
References
- ↑ Kumaraswamy KL, Vidhya M, Rao PK, Mukunda A (2012). "Oral biopsy: oral pathologist's perspective". J Cancer Res Ther. 8 (2): 192–8. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.98969. PMID 22842360.