Toxoplasmosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
==Risk Factors== | |||
The major risk factors for acquiring the infection is consuming raw meat and ingestion of food contaminated with toxoplasma [[oocysts]] excreted in cat feces.<br> | |||
*Exposure | The risk factors which predispose [[pregnant]] women for primary infection include: <ref name="pmid15696004">{{cite journal| author=Boyer KM, Holfels E, Roizen N, Swisher C, Mack D, Remington J et al.| title=Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: Implications for prenatal management and screening. | journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol | year= 2005 | volume= 192 | issue= 2 | pages= 564-71 | pmid=15696004 | doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2004.07.031 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15696004 }} </ref> | ||
* | *Consumption of raw oysters and clams<ref name="pmid15562605">{{cite journal| author=Lindsay DS, Collins MV, Mitchell SM, Wetch CN, Rosypal AC, Flick GJ et al.| title=Survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). | journal=J Parasitol | year= 2004 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 1054-7 | pmid=15562605 | doi=10.1645/GE-296R | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15562605 }}</ref> | ||
* | *Eating undercooked meat which includes pork, beef and lamb<ref name="pmid18508057">{{cite journal| author=Dubey JP, Jones JL| title=Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. | journal=Int J Parasitol | year= 2008 | volume= 38 | issue= 11 | pages= 1257-78 | pmid=18508057 | doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18508057 }}</ref> | ||
* | *Drinking unpasteurized goat’s milk<ref name="JonesDargelas2009">{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Jeffrey L.|last2=Dargelas|first2=Valerie|last3=Roberts|first3=Jacquelin|last4=Press|first4=Cindy|last5=Remington|first5=Jack S.|last6=Montoya|first6=Jose G.|title=Risk Factors forToxoplasma gondiiInfection in the United States|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=49|issue=6|year=2009|pages=878–884|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/605433}}</ref> | ||
* | *Exposure to kitten litter | ||
*Working with meat<ref name="Robert-GangneuxDarde2012">{{cite journal|last1=Robert-Gangneux|first1=F.|last2=Darde|first2=M.-L.|title=Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=25|issue=2|year=2012|pages=264–296|issn=0893-8512|doi=10.1128/CMR.05013-11}}</ref> | |||
*Low socioeconomic status<ref name="Robert-GangneuxDarde2012">{{cite journal|last1=Robert-Gangneux|first1=F.|last2=Darde|first2=M.-L.|title=Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=25|issue=2|year=2012|pages=264–296|issn=0893-8512|doi=10.1128/CMR.05013-11}}</ref> | |||
*Poor Hygiene<ref name="Robert-GangneuxDarde2012">{{cite journal|last1=Robert-Gangneux|first1=F.|last2=Darde|first2=M.-L.|title=Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=25|issue=2|year=2012|pages=264–296|issn=0893-8512|doi=10.1128/CMR.05013-11}}</ref> | |||
*Drinking unfiltered water<ref name="Robert-GangneuxDarde2012">{{cite journal|last1=Robert-Gangneux|first1=F.|last2=Darde|first2=M.-L.|title=Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=25|issue=2|year=2012|pages=264–296|issn=0893-8512|doi=10.1128/CMR.05013-11}}</ref> | |||
*[[Immunocompromised]] state | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
The major risk factors for acquiring the infection is consuming raw meat and ingestion of food contaminated with toxoplasma oocysts excreted in cat feces.
The risk factors which predispose pregnant women for primary infection include: [1]
- Consumption of raw oysters and clams[2]
- Eating undercooked meat which includes pork, beef and lamb[3]
- Drinking unpasteurized goat’s milk[4]
- Exposure to kitten litter
- Working with meat[5]
- Low socioeconomic status[5]
- Poor Hygiene[5]
- Drinking unfiltered water[5]
- Immunocompromised state
References
- ↑ Boyer KM, Holfels E, Roizen N, Swisher C, Mack D, Remington J; et al. (2005). "Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: Implications for prenatal management and screening". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 192 (2): 564–71. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.07.031. PMID 15696004.
- ↑ Lindsay DS, Collins MV, Mitchell SM, Wetch CN, Rosypal AC, Flick GJ; et al. (2004). "Survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)". J Parasitol. 90 (5): 1054–7. doi:10.1645/GE-296R. PMID 15562605.
- ↑ Dubey JP, Jones JL (2008). "Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States". Int J Parasitol. 38 (11): 1257–78. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007. PMID 18508057.
- ↑ Jones, Jeffrey L.; Dargelas, Valerie; Roberts, Jacquelin; Press, Cindy; Remington, Jack S.; Montoya, Jose G. (2009). "Risk Factors forToxoplasma gondiiInfection in the United States". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 49 (6): 878–884. doi:10.1086/605433. ISSN 1058-4838.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Robert-Gangneux, F.; Darde, M.-L. (2012). "Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 25 (2): 264–296. doi:10.1128/CMR.05013-11. ISSN 0893-8512.