Tetanus risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Tetanus}} | {{Tetanus}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
{{MJM}} | {{MJM}}; {{AE}} {{USAMA}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Clostridium tetani spores can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination. Various risk factors for tetanus include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working in unhygienic environment.<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | Clostridium tetani spores can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination. Various risk factors for tetanus include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working in unhygienic environment.<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047 }} </ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
There are various risk factors that increase the chance of acquiring tetanus. These include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167 }} </ref> | There are various risk factors that increase the chance of acquiring tetanus. These include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047 }} </ref> | ||
*Improper [[immunization]] | *Improper [[immunization]] | ||
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*[[Wounds]] from [[surgeries]] | *[[Wounds]] from [[surgeries]] | ||
*Infection of umbilical stump in neonates | *Infection of umbilical stump in neonates | ||
*Septic abortion | *[[Septic abortion]] | ||
*Male circumcision (specially in subSaharan Africa) | *Male circumcision (specially in subSaharan Africa) | ||
*Crush injuries | *[[Crush]] injuries | ||
*Gunshot wounds | *Gunshot [[wounds]] | ||
*Puncture wounds | *Puncture [[wounds]] | ||
*[[Burns]] | *[[Burns]] | ||
*Foot ulcers in diabetic patients | *Foot ulcers in diabetic patients | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
*[[Compound fracture]]s | *[[Compound fracture]]s | ||
*Injecting drugs | *Injecting drugs | ||
*Self tattooing | *Self [[tattooing]] | ||
===Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus=== | ===Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus=== | ||
*Intra muscular injections | *Intra muscular injections | ||
*IV drug abuse | *[[IV drug abuse]] | ||
*Chronic sores | *Chronic [[sores]] | ||
*Dental infections | *[[Dental infections]] | ||
*Superficial clean wounds | *Superficial clean wounds | ||
*Insect bites | *[[Insect bites]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:45, 1 June 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Clostridium tetani spores can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination. Various risk factors for tetanus include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working in unhygienic environment.[1][2]
Risk Factors
There are various risk factors that increase the chance of acquiring tetanus. These include:[1][3][2]
- Improper immunization
- Never immunized for tetanus
- No booster after 10 years of last dose
- Presence of a puncture wound
- Simultaneous infection with other pathogens
- Presence of a foreign body, such as a splinter or a nail
- Presence of dead tissue
- Crushing injuries
- Burns
- Limited ischemia
- Working in unhygienic environment
- Hiking in bat caves
- Sports injuries
- Road side accidents
There are many different injuries that can result in tetanus. Some of these injuries include:[1][3]
- Animal bites
- Different types of dental procedures
- Wounds from surgeries
- Infection of umbilical stump in neonates
- Septic abortion
- Male circumcision (specially in subSaharan Africa)
- Crush injuries
- Gunshot wounds
- Puncture wounds
- Burns
- Foot ulcers in diabetic patients
- Ear infections
- Compound fractures
- Injecting drugs
- Self tattooing
Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus
- Intra muscular injections
- IV drug abuse
- Chronic sores
- Dental infections
- Superficial clean wounds
- Insect bites
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A (2014). "Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report". Bol Asoc Med P R. 106 (2): 25–9. PMID 25065047.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.