Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases: Difference between revisions

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!Signs and Symptoms
!Signs and Symptoms
!Associated Conditions
!Associated Conditions
!Rash Appearance
|-
|-
|Cutaneous T cell lymphoma/Mycosis fungoides<ref name="urlMycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/mycosis-fungoides-treatment-pdq |title=Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|Cutaneous T cell lymphoma/Mycosis fungoides<ref name="urlMycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/mycosis-fungoides-treatment-pdq |title=Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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* Sezary syndrome
* Sezary syndrome
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|Pityriasis rosea<ref name="pmid27512182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahajan K, Relhan V, Relhan AK, Garg VK |title=Pityriasis Rosea: An Update on Etiopathogenesis and Management of Difficult Aspects |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=375–84 |year=2016 |pmid=27512182 |pmc=4966395 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.185699 |url=}}</ref>
|Pityriasis rosea<ref name="pmid27512182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahajan K, Relhan V, Relhan AK, Garg VK |title=Pityriasis Rosea: An Update on Etiopathogenesis and Management of Difficult Aspects |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=375–84 |year=2016 |pmid=27512182 |pmc=4966395 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.185699 |url=}}</ref>
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** HHV-7
** HHV-7
** HHV-8
** HHV-8
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** ''Toxoplasma gondii''
** ''Toxoplasma gondii''
** Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
** Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
|
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|Nummular dermatitis<ref name="pmid23517392">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiamton S, Tangjaturonrusamee C, Kulthanan K |title=Clinical features and aggravating factors in nummular eczema in Thais |journal=Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=36–42 |year=2013 |pmid=23517392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Nummular dermatitis<ref name="pmid23517392">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiamton S, Tangjaturonrusamee C, Kulthanan K |title=Clinical features and aggravating factors in nummular eczema in Thais |journal=Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=36–42 |year=2013 |pmid=23517392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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** Drugs
** Drugs
** Atopy
** Atopy
|
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|Secondary syphilis<ref name="urlSTD Facts - Syphilis">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis.htm |title=STD Facts - Syphilis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|Secondary syphilis<ref name="urlSTD Facts - Syphilis">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis.htm |title=STD Facts - Syphilis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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** Corona verinata
** Corona verinata
** Positive VDRL test
** Positive VDRL test
|
|-
|-
|Bowen’s disease<ref name="pmid28523295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neagu TP, Ţigliş M, Botezatu D, Enache V, Cobilinschi CO, Vâlcea-Precup MS, GrinŢescu IM |title=Clinical, histological and therapeutic features of Bowen's disease |journal=Rom J Morphol Embryol |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |year=2017 |pmid=28523295 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Bowen’s disease<ref name="pmid28523295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neagu TP, Ţigliş M, Botezatu D, Enache V, Cobilinschi CO, Vâlcea-Precup MS, GrinŢescu IM |title=Clinical, histological and therapeutic features of Bowen's disease |journal=Rom J Morphol Embryol |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |year=2017 |pmid=28523295 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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** Merkel cell polyomavirus
** Merkel cell polyomavirus
** Sjögren’s syndrome
** Sjögren’s syndrome
|
|-
|-
|Exanthematous pustulosis<ref name="pmid26354880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA |title=Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=843–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26354880 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.017 |url=}}</ref>
|Exanthematous pustulosis<ref name="pmid26354880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA |title=Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=843–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26354880 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.017 |url=}}</ref>
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** Calcium channel blockers(Diltiazem)
** Calcium channel blockers(Diltiazem)
** Hydroxychloroquine
** Hydroxychloroquine
|
|-
|-
|Hypertrophic lichen planus<ref name="pmid27222766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ankad BS, Beergouder SL |title=Hypertrophic lichen planus versus prurigo nodularis: a dermoscopic perspective |journal=Dermatol Pract Concept |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=9–15 |year=2016 |pmid=27222766 |pmc=4866621 |doi=10.5826/dpc.0602a03 |url=}}</ref>
|Hypertrophic lichen planus<ref name="pmid27222766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ankad BS, Beergouder SL |title=Hypertrophic lichen planus versus prurigo nodularis: a dermoscopic perspective |journal=Dermatol Pract Concept |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=9–15 |year=2016 |pmid=27222766 |pmc=4866621 |doi=10.5826/dpc.0602a03 |url=}}</ref>
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|
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* Associated with Hepatitis C virus infection<ref name="pmid19770446">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shengyuan L, Songpo Y, Wen W, Wenjing T, Haitao Z, Binyou W |title=Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: a reciprocal association determined by a meta-analysis |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=145 |issue=9 |pages=1040–7 |year=2009 |pmid=19770446 |doi=10.1001/archdermatol.2009.200 |url=}}</ref>
* Associated with Hepatitis C virus infection<ref name="pmid19770446">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shengyuan L, Songpo Y, Wen W, Wenjing T, Haitao Z, Binyou W |title=Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: a reciprocal association determined by a meta-analysis |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=145 |issue=9 |pages=1040–7 |year=2009 |pmid=19770446 |doi=10.1001/archdermatol.2009.200 |url=}}</ref>
|
|-
|-
|Sneddon–Wilkinson disease<ref name="pmid9564592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lutz ME, Daoud MS, McEvoy MT, Gibson LE |title=Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a clinical study of ten patients |journal=Cutis |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=203–8 |year=1998 |pmid=9564592 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Sneddon–Wilkinson disease<ref name="pmid9564592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lutz ME, Daoud MS, McEvoy MT, Gibson LE |title=Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a clinical study of ten patients |journal=Cutis |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=203–8 |year=1998 |pmid=9564592 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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** Osteomyelitis
** Osteomyelitis
** Adalimumab<ref name="pmid23489057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sauder MB, Glassman SJ |title=Palmoplantar subcorneal pustular dermatosis following adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=624–8 |year=2013 |pmid=23489057 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05707.x |url=}}</ref>
** Adalimumab<ref name="pmid23489057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sauder MB, Glassman SJ |title=Palmoplantar subcorneal pustular dermatosis following adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=624–8 |year=2013 |pmid=23489057 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05707.x |url=}}</ref>
|
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|Small plaque parapsoriasis<ref name="pmid7026622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert WC, Everett MA |title=The nosology of parapsoriasis |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=373–95 |year=1981 |pmid=7026622 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Small plaque parapsoriasis<ref name="pmid7026622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert WC, Everett MA |title=The nosology of parapsoriasis |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=373–95 |year=1981 |pmid=7026622 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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|
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* May progress to mycosis fungoides<ref name="pmid16191852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Väkevä L, Sarna S, Vaalasti A, Pukkala E, Kariniemi AL, Ranki A |title=A retrospective study of the probability of the evolution of parapsoriasis en plaques into mycosis fungoides |journal=Acta Derm. Venereol. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=318–23 |year=2005 |pmid=16191852 |doi=10.1080/00015550510030087 |url=}}</ref>
* May progress to mycosis fungoides<ref name="pmid16191852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Väkevä L, Sarna S, Vaalasti A, Pukkala E, Kariniemi AL, Ranki A |title=A retrospective study of the probability of the evolution of parapsoriasis en plaques into mycosis fungoides |journal=Acta Derm. Venereol. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=318–23 |year=2005 |pmid=16191852 |doi=10.1080/00015550510030087 |url=}}</ref>
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|Intertrigo<ref name="pmid16156342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC, Reich A |title=Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=833–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16156342 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Intertrigo<ref name="pmid16156342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC, Reich A |title=Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=833–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16156342 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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** Diabetes
** Diabetes
** Obesity
** Obesity
|
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|-
|Langerhans cell histiocytosis<ref name="pmid18577030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Satter EK, High WA |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the current recommendations of the Histiocyte Society |journal=Pediatr Dermatol |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=291–5 |year=2008 |pmid=18577030 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00669.x |url=}}</ref>
|Langerhans cell histiocytosis<ref name="pmid18577030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Satter EK, High WA |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the current recommendations of the Histiocyte Society |journal=Pediatr Dermatol |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=291–5 |year=2008 |pmid=18577030 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00669.x |url=}}</ref>
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** Diabetes insipidus<ref name="pmid16047354">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grois N, Pötschger U, Prosch H, Minkov M, Arico M, Braier J, Henter JI, Janka-Schaub G, Ladisch S, Ritter J, Steiner M, Unger E, Gadner H |title=Risk factors for diabetes insipidus in langerhans cell histiocytosis |journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=228–33 |year=2006 |pmid=16047354 |doi=10.1002/pbc.20425 |url=}}</ref>
** Diabetes insipidus<ref name="pmid16047354">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grois N, Pötschger U, Prosch H, Minkov M, Arico M, Braier J, Henter JI, Janka-Schaub G, Ladisch S, Ritter J, Steiner M, Unger E, Gadner H |title=Risk factors for diabetes insipidus in langerhans cell histiocytosis |journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=228–33 |year=2006 |pmid=16047354 |doi=10.1002/pbc.20425 |url=}}</ref>
** Pancytopenia
** Pancytopenia
|
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|-
|Tinea manuum/pedum/capitis<ref name="pmid15050029">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G |title=Dermatology for the practicing allergist: Tinea pedis and its complications |journal=Clin Mol Allergy |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=5 |year=2004 |pmid=15050029 |pmc=419368 |doi=10.1186/1476-7961-2-5 |url=}}</ref>
|Tinea manuum/pedum/capitis<ref name="pmid15050029">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G |title=Dermatology for the practicing allergist: Tinea pedis and its complications |journal=Clin Mol Allergy |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=5 |year=2004 |pmid=15050029 |pmc=419368 |doi=10.1186/1476-7961-2-5 |url=}}</ref>
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** Intimate contact with infected person
** Intimate contact with infected person
** May lead to asthma exacerbation
** May lead to asthma exacerbation
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|Seborrheic dermatitis
|Seborrheic dermatitis
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** Parkinson's disease
** Parkinson's disease
** Biotin deficiency
** Biotin deficiency
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|}


Revision as of 16:43, 20 June 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Differentiating Psoriasis from other Diseases

  • Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases causing papulosquamous or erythematosquamous rash especially when the psoriatic lesions are localized in particular sites for example, palms, soles, scalp, body folds, penis and nails.
  • The differentials include:
    • Cutaneous T cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides
    • Pityriasis rosea
    • Pityriasis rubra pilaris
    • Pityriasis lichenoides chronica
    • Nummular dermatitis
    • Secondary syphilis
    • Bowen’s disease
    • Exanthematous pustulosis
    • Hypertrophic lichen planus
    • Sneddon–Wilkinson disease
    • Small plaque parapsoriasis
    • Intertrigo
    • Langerhans cell histiocytosis
    • Dyshidrotic dermatitis
    • Tinea manuum/pedum/capitis
    • Seborrheic dermatitis
Disease Rash Characteristics Signs and Symptoms Associated Conditions Rash Appearance
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma/Mycosis fungoides[1]
    • Premycotic phase: A scaly, red rash in areas of the body that usually are not exposed to the sun. This rash does not cause symptoms and may last for months or years.
    • Patch phase: Thin, reddened, eczema -like rash.
    • Plaque phase: Small raised bumps (papules) or hardened lesions on the skin, which may be reddened.
    • Tumor phase: Tumors form on the skin. These tumors may develop ulcers and the skin may get infected.
  • Epidermal atrophy or poikiloderma
  • Generalized itching (pruritus)
  • Pain in the affected area of the skin.
  • Insomnia
  • Red (erythematous) patches scattered over the skin of the trunk and the extremities
  • Tumor-like lobulated outgrowths form on the skin in the latter part of the disease
  • Weight loss
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Malaise and fatigue
  • Anemia
  • May progress to Sezary syndrome (Skin involvement plus hematogenous dissemination)
  • Sezary syndrome
Pityriasis rosea[2]
  • Pink or salmon in colour, which may be scaly, termed as "herald patch"
  • Oval in shape
  • Long axis oriented along the clevage lines
  • Distributed on the trunk and proximal extremities
  • Squamous marginal collarette and a “fir-tree” or “Christmas tree” distribution on the posterior trunk
  • Develops after viral infection
  • Resolves spontaneously after 6-8 weeks
  • Preceded by a prodrome of:
    • Sore throat
    • Gastrointestinal disturbance
    • Fever
    • Arthralgia
  • Infection by any of the following:[3]
    • HHV-6
    • HHV-7
    • HHV-8
Pityriasis lichenoides chronica
  • Recurrent lesions are usually less evenly scattered than psoriasis
  • Brownish red or orange-brown color
  • Lesions are capped by a single detachable opaque mica-like scale
  • Often leave hypopigmented macules
  • High fever
  • Malaise
  • Myalgias
  • Skin burning
  • Pruritis
  • Infection by any of the following:[4]
    • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
    • Toxoplasma gondii
    • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Nummular dermatitis[5]
  • Multiple coinshaped eczematous lesions
  • Commonly affecting the extremities (lower>upper) and trunk
  • May ooze fluid and become dry and crusty
  • Often appears after a skin injury, such as a burn, abrasion (from friction), or insect bite
  • Lesions commonly relapse after occasional remission or may persist for long periods
  • Pruritis
  • Associated with:
    • Dry skin
    • Emotional stress
    • Allergens(rubber chemicals, formaldehyde, neomycin, chrome, mercury and nickel)
    • Staphylococcus infection
    • Seasonal variation
    • Alcohol
    • Drugs
    • Atopy
Secondary syphilis[6]
  • Round coppery red color lesions on palms and soles
  • Papules with collarette of scales
  • Fever
  • Generalized lymphadenpathy
  • Sore throat
  • Patchy hair loss
  • Headaches
  • Weight loss
  • Myalgia
  • Fatigue
  • Associated with:
    • Condylomata lata
    • Corona verinata
    • Positive VDRL test
Bowen’s disease[7]
  • Erythematous little scaly plaque, which enlarges over time in an erratic manner
  • Scale is usually yellow or white and it is easily detachable without producing any bleeding
  • Well defined margins
  • Pruritis
  • Pain
  • Bleeding lesions
  • Associated with:[8]
    • Erythroplasia of Queyrat (Bowen's disease of the penis)
    • Squamous cell carcinoma
    • Solar radiation and ultraviolet (UV) exposure
    • Radiotherapy
    • Immunosuppression
    • Arsenic exposure
    • Human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16
    • Merkel cell polyomavirus
    • Sjögren’s syndrome
Exanthematous pustulosis[9]
  • Numerous small, primarily non-follicular, sterile pustules, arising within large areas of edematous erythema
  • Fever
  • Leukocytosis
  • Intracorneal, subcorneal, and/or intraepidermal pustules with papillary dermal edema containing neutrophils and eosinophils
  • Associated with:[10]
    • Antibiotics(penicillins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines)
    • Carbamazepine
    • Calcium channel blockers(Diltiazem)
    • Hydroxychloroquine
Hypertrophic lichen planus[11]
  • Classically involves shin and ankles and is characterized by hyperkeratotic plaques and nodules covered by a scale
  • Lesions may transform into hyperkeratotic thickened elevated purplish or reddish plaques and nodules
  • Chronic pruritis
  • Scaling
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Associated with Hepatitis C virus infection[12]
Sneddon–Wilkinson disease[13]
  • Flaccid pustules were often generalized and have a tendency to involve the flexural areas
  • Have an annular configuration
  • Pruritis
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Associated with:
    • Monoclonal gammopathy, usually an IgA paraproteinemia[14]
    • Crohn's disease[15]
    • Osteomyelitis
    • Adalimumab[16]
Small plaque parapsoriasis[17]
  • Erythematous plaques which are covered with fine scale.
  • May present with elongated, finger-like patches symmetrically distributed on the flanks, also known as digitate dermatosis
  • Lesions may be asymptomatic
  • May be mildly pruritic
  • May fade or disappear after sun exposure during the summer season, but typically recur during the winter
  • May progress to mycosis fungoides[18]
Intertrigo[19]
  • Red and fleshy looking lesion in skin folds
  • Itching
  • oozing
  • May be sore
  • Pruritis
  • Musty odor
  • Associated with:
    • Infections (Fungal, bacterial, viral)
    • Allergies
    • Diabetes
    • Obesity
Langerhans cell histiocytosis[20]
  • Scaling and crusting of the scalp
  • Pathological fractures[21]
  • Visceromegaly (hepatomegaly, spleenomegaly)
  • Chronic cough
  • Dyspnea[22]
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Associated with:
    • Diabetes insipidus[23]
    • Pancytopenia
Tinea manuum/pedum/capitis[24]
  • scaling, flaking, and sometimes blistering of the affected areas
  • Hair loss with a black dot on scalp in case of tinea capitis
  • Pruritis
  • KOH preparation of the lesions confirms fungal infection
  • Associated with:
    • Diabetes
    • Immunosupression
    • Intimate contact with infected person
    • May lead to asthma exacerbation
Seborrheic dermatitis
  • Papulosquamous, scaly, flaky, itchy, and red rash found particularly at sebaceous gland-rich areas of the body
  • Associated with:[25]
    • AIDS
    • Stress[26]
    • Fungal infection
    • Fatigue
    • Sleep deprivation
    • Change of season
    • Parkinson's disease
    • Biotin deficiency

References

  1. ↑ "Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute".
  2. ↑ Mahajan K, Relhan V, Relhan AK, Garg VK (2016). "Pityriasis Rosea: An Update on Etiopathogenesis and Management of Difficult Aspects". Indian J Dermatol. 61 (4): 375–84. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.185699. PMC 4966395. PMID 27512182.
  3. ↑ Prantsidis A, Rigopoulos D, Papatheodorou G, Menounos P, Gregoriou S, Alexiou-Mousatou I, Katsambas A (2009). "Detection of human herpesvirus 8 in the skin of patients with pityriasis rosea". Acta Derm. Venereol. 89 (6): 604–6. doi:10.2340/00015555-0703. PMID 19997691.
  4. ↑ Smith KJ, Nelson A, Skelton H, Yeager J, Wagner KF (1997). "Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta in HIV-1+ patients: a marker of early stage disease. The Military Medical Consortium for the Advancement of Retroviral Research (MMCARR)". Int. J. Dermatol. 36 (2): 104–9. PMID 9109005.
  5. ↑ Jiamton S, Tangjaturonrusamee C, Kulthanan K (2013). "Clinical features and aggravating factors in nummular eczema in Thais". Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 31 (1): 36–42. PMID 23517392.
  6. ↑ "STD Facts - Syphilis".
  7. ↑ Neagu TP, Ţigliş M, Botezatu D, Enache V, Cobilinschi CO, Vâlcea-Precup MS, GrinŢescu IM (2017). "Clinical, histological and therapeutic features of Bowen's disease". Rom J Morphol Embryol. 58 (1): 33–40. PMID 28523295.
  8. ↑ Murao K, Yoshioka R, Kubo Y (2014). "Human papillomavirus infection in Bowen disease: negative p53 expression, not p16(INK4a) overexpression, is correlated with human papillomavirus-associated Bowen disease". J. Dermatol. 41 (10): 878–84. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12613. PMID 25201325.
  9. ↑ Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA (2015). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 73 (5): 843–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.017. PMID 26354880.
  10. ↑ Schmid S, Kuechler PC, Britschgi M, Steiner UC, Yawalkar N, Limat A, Baltensperger K, Braathen L, Pichler WJ (2002). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: role of cytotoxic T cells in pustule formation". Am. J. Pathol. 161 (6): 2079–86. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64486-0. PMC 1850901. PMID 12466124.
  11. ↑ Ankad BS, Beergouder SL (2016). "Hypertrophic lichen planus versus prurigo nodularis: a dermoscopic perspective". Dermatol Pract Concept. 6 (2): 9–15. doi:10.5826/dpc.0602a03. PMC 4866621. PMID 27222766.
  12. ↑ Shengyuan L, Songpo Y, Wen W, Wenjing T, Haitao Z, Binyou W (2009). "Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: a reciprocal association determined by a meta-analysis". Arch Dermatol. 145 (9): 1040–7. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.200. PMID 19770446.
  13. ↑ Lutz ME, Daoud MS, McEvoy MT, Gibson LE (1998). "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a clinical study of ten patients". Cutis. 61 (4): 203–8. PMID 9564592.
  14. ↑ Kasha EE, Epinette WW (1988). "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease) in association with a monoclonal IgA gammopathy: a report and review of the literature". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 19 (5 Pt 1): 854–8. PMID 3056995.
  15. ↑ Delaporte E, Colombel JF, Nguyen-Mailfer C, Piette F, Cortot A, Bergoend H (1992). "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis in a patient with Crohn's disease". Acta Derm. Venereol. 72 (4): 301–2. PMID 1357895.
  16. ↑ Sauder MB, Glassman SJ (2013). "Palmoplantar subcorneal pustular dermatosis following adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis". Int. J. Dermatol. 52 (5): 624–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05707.x. PMID 23489057.
  17. ↑ Lambert WC, Everett MA (1981). "The nosology of parapsoriasis". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5 (4): 373–95. PMID 7026622.
  18. ↑ Väkevä L, Sarna S, Vaalasti A, Pukkala E, Kariniemi AL, Ranki A (2005). "A retrospective study of the probability of the evolution of parapsoriasis en plaques into mycosis fungoides". Acta Derm. Venereol. 85 (4): 318–23. doi:10.1080/00015550510030087. PMID 16191852.
  19. ↑ Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC, Reich A (2005). "Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections". Am Fam Physician. 72 (5): 833–8. PMID 16156342.
  20. ↑ Satter EK, High WA (2008). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the current recommendations of the Histiocyte Society". Pediatr Dermatol. 25 (3): 291–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00669.x. PMID 18577030.
  21. ↑ Stull MA, Kransdorf MJ, Devaney KO (1992). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone". Radiographics. 12 (4): 801–23. doi:10.1148/radiographics.12.4.1636041. PMID 1636041.
  22. ↑ Sholl LM, Hornick JL, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Padera RF (2007). "Immunohistochemical analysis of langerin in langerhans cell histiocytosis and pulmonary inflammatory and infectious diseases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31 (6): 947–52. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000249443.82971.bb. PMID 17527085.
  23. ↑ Grois N, Pötschger U, Prosch H, Minkov M, Arico M, Braier J, Henter JI, Janka-Schaub G, Ladisch S, Ritter J, Steiner M, Unger E, Gadner H (2006). "Risk factors for diabetes insipidus in langerhans cell histiocytosis". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 46 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1002/pbc.20425. PMID 16047354.
  24. ↑ Al Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G (2004). "Dermatology for the practicing allergist: Tinea pedis and its complications". Clin Mol Allergy. 2 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1476-7961-2-5. PMC 419368. PMID 15050029.
  25. ↑ Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK (2006). "Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 74 (1): 125–30. PMID 16848386.
  26. ↑ Misery L, Touboul S, Vinçot C, Dutray S, Rolland-Jacob G, Consoli SG, Farcet Y, Feton-Danou N, Cardinaud F, Callot V, De La Chapelle C, Pomey-Rey D, Consoli SM (2007). "[Stress and seborrheic dermatitis]". Ann Dermatol Venereol (in French). 134 (11): 833–7. PMID 18033062.

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