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* PCR is rapid and accurate test but done only in immunocompromised patients when the virus strain needs to be known
* PCR is rapid and accurate test but done only in immunocompromised patients when the virus strain needs to be known
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Allergic rhinitis
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Allergic rhinitis<ref name="pmid20232579">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pawankar R, Bunnag C, Chen Y, Fukuda T, Kim YY, Le LT, Huong le TT, O'Hehir RE, Ohta K, Vichyanond P, Wang DY, Zhong N, Khaltaev N, Bousquet J |title=Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma update (ARIA 2008)--western and Asian-Pacific perspective |journal=Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=237–43 |year=2009 |pmid=20232579 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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* Characterized by repeated paroxysms of rhinorrhea, sneezing and cough.
* Characterized by repeated paroxysms of rhinorrhea, sneezing and cough.
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* Rhinorrhea fluid is usually clear and watery.
* Rhinorrhea fluid is usually clear and watery.
* Examination of the nose reveals a crease below the nasal bridge from repeated pulling of the nose secondary to irritation.
* Examination of the nose reveals a crease below the nasal bridge from repeated pulling of the nose secondary to irritation.
* Edema in the area below the eye if associated conjunctivitis is present.
* Edema in the area below the eye if associated conjunctivitis is present.<ref name="pmid11449200">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skoner DP |title=Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=108 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=S2–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11449200 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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* Skin testing using intradermal prick skin tests to determine the specific allergens causing allergic rhinits.
* Skin testing using intradermal prick skin tests to determine the specific allergens causing allergic rhinits.
* Serum immune assays to determine IgE levels in the serum.
* Serum immune assays to determine IgE levels in the serum.
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Acute sinusitis
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Acute sinusitis<ref name="pmid9347786">{{cite journal |vauthors=Low DE, Desrosiers M, McSherry J, Garber G, Williams JW, Remy H, Fenton RS, Forte V, Balter M, Rotstein C, Craft C, Dubois J, Harding G, Schloss M, Miller M, McIvor RA, Davidson RJ |title=A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of acute sinusitis |journal=CMAJ |volume=156 Suppl 6 |issue= |pages=S1–14 |year=1997 |pmid=9347786 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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* Presents with symptoms similar to URTIs (sneezing, cough and runny nose)
* Presents with symptoms similar to URTIs (sneezing, cough and runny nose)
* Symptoms last for a longer time (about 10 days) with the peak of symptoms between 4th and 6th days.
* Symptoms last for a longer time (about 10 days) with the peak of symptoms between 4th and 6th days.
* Usually, acute sinusitis is not associated with fever
* Usually, acute sinusitis is not associated with fever<ref name="pmid7242607">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Acute maxillary sinusitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=305 |issue=4 |pages=226–7 |year=1981 |pmid=7242607 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198107233050419 |url=}}</ref>
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* Inspection may show erythema and edema over the involved sinus
* Inspection may show erythema and edema over the involved sinus

Revision as of 22:22, 24 June 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [2]

Overview

Acute viral nasopharyngitis should be differentiated from other diseases that cause runny nose, cough and constitutional symptoms.

Differentiating acute viral nasopharyngitis from other diseases

Acute viral nasopharyngitis should be differentiated from other diseases that cause runny nose, cough and constitutional symptoms.

Disease History Physical examination Laboratory or radiological findings
Acute viral nasopharyngitis[1]
  • Symptoms start with sore throat
  • Nasal congestion and runny nose
  • Cough that may persist after the resolution of the other symptoms
  • Fever is not common
  • Nasal mucosa is congested and hyperemic
  • Pharynx is typically normal
  • Diagnosis is usually clinical and lab tests are rarely needed
  • The virus can be cultured on human lung cells but results take time
  • PCR is rapid and accurate test but done only in immunocompromised patients when the virus strain needs to be known
Allergic rhinitis[2]
  • Characterized by repeated paroxysms of rhinorrhea, sneezing and cough.
  • Symptoms may be related to a specific season of the year, hence the name “seasonal allergies”.
  • Rhinorrhea fluid is usually clear and watery.
  • Examination of the nose reveals a crease below the nasal bridge from repeated pulling of the nose secondary to irritation.
  • Edema in the area below the eye if associated conjunctivitis is present.[3]
  • Skin testing using intradermal prick skin tests to determine the specific allergens causing allergic rhinits.
  • Serum immune assays to determine IgE levels in the serum.
Acute sinusitis[4]
  • Presents with symptoms similar to URTIs (sneezing, cough and runny nose)
  • Symptoms last for a longer time (about 10 days) with the peak of symptoms between 4th and 6th days.
  • Usually, acute sinusitis is not associated with fever[5]
  • Inspection may show erythema and edema over the involved sinus
  • Palpation of sinuses shows tenderness to palpation
  • Transillumination of the sinuses may show opacity.
  • X ray and CT may show air fluid level or bubbles in the affected sinus.
  • Culture of the nasal secretions is of limited use in acute sinusitis as nasal secretions may be contaminated by nasal flora.
Infectious mononucleosis
  • Symptoms of pharyngitis: sore throat and difficult swallowing
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Lymphadenopathy especially in the posterior cervical region
  • Abdominal examination reveals splenomegaly
  • Maculopapular rash may be present
  • Positive monospot test
  • Elevated liver enzymes

Differentiating Flu and Common Cold
Symptoms Flu Common Cold
Fever High fever (100-102° F) Rare
Headache Common Rare
Cough Common, moderate to severe Mild to moderate
Body aches Common, may be severe Slight
Fatigue Usual, can last up to 2-3 weeks Sometimes
Nasal congestion Sometimes Common
Sneezing Sometimes Common
Sore throat Sometimes Common
Adapted from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [6]

References

  1. ↑ Heikkinen T, Järvinen A (2003). "The common cold". Lancet. 361 (9351): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9. PMID 12517470.
  2. ↑ Pawankar R, Bunnag C, Chen Y, Fukuda T, Kim YY, Le LT, Huong le TT, O'Hehir RE, Ohta K, Vichyanond P, Wang DY, Zhong N, Khaltaev N, Bousquet J (2009). "Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma update (ARIA 2008)--western and Asian-Pacific perspective". Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 27 (4): 237–43. PMID 20232579.
  3. ↑ Skoner DP (2001). "Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108 (1 Suppl): S2–8. PMID 11449200.
  4. ↑ Low DE, Desrosiers M, McSherry J, Garber G, Williams JW, Remy H, Fenton RS, Forte V, Balter M, Rotstein C, Craft C, Dubois J, Harding G, Schloss M, Miller M, McIvor RA, Davidson RJ (1997). "A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of acute sinusitis". CMAJ. 156 Suppl 6: S1–14. PMID 9347786.
  5. ↑ "Acute maxillary sinusitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 305 (4): 226–7. 1981. doi:10.1056/NEJM198107233050419. PMID 7242607.
  6. ↑ "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)".
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