Tetanus risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Risk factors for developing a tetanus infection include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167 }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| author = [[Robert A. Felter]] & [[Lauren E. Zinns]] | | author = [[Robert A. Felter]] & [[Lauren E. Zinns]] | ||
| title = Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report | | title = Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
| pmid = 24052566 | | pmid = 24052566 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
* | *Inadequate [[immunization]] | ||
**Never immunized for tetanus | **Never immunized for tetanus | ||
**No booster after 10 years of last dose | **No booster after 10 years of last dose | ||
*Presence of a [[puncture wound]] | *Presence of a [[puncture wound]] | ||
*Simultaneous [[infection]] with other pathogens | *Simultaneous [[infection]] with other pathogens | ||
* | *Penetrating injury with a [[foreign body]] such as a splinter or a nail | ||
* | *Untreated [[necrotic tissue]] | ||
*[[Crush injury|Crushing injuries]] | *[[Crush injury|Crushing injuries]] | ||
*[[Burns]] | *[[Burns]] | ||
*Limited [[ischemia]] | *Limited [[ischemia]] | ||
*Hiking in bat caves | *Hiking in bat caves | ||
*Sports injuries | *Sports injuries | ||
| Line 47: | Line 46: | ||
===Injuries related to Tetanus=== | ===Injuries related to Tetanus=== | ||
Injuries that have been associated with an increased risk of tetanus include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Animal bite|Animal bites]] | *[[Animal bite|Animal bites]] | ||
*Different types of [[dental]] procedures | *Different types of [[dental]] procedures | ||
*[[Wounds]] from [[surgeries]] | *[[Wounds]] from [[surgeries]] | ||
*Infection of umbilical stump in neonates | *Infection of umbilical stump in [[neonates]] | ||
*[[Abortion|Septic abortion]] | *[[Abortion|Septic abortion]] | ||
*Male circumcision (specially in | *Male [[Circumcised|circumcision]] (specially in sub Saharan Africa) | ||
*[[Crush injury|Crush injuries]] | *[[Crush injury|Crush injuries]] | ||
*Gunshot [[wounds]] | *Gunshot [[wounds]] | ||
| Line 62: | Line 61: | ||
*[[Ear infections]] | *[[Ear infections]] | ||
*[[Compound fracture]]s | *[[Compound fracture]]s | ||
* | *[[Intravenous drug use]] | ||
*Self tattooing | *Self tattooing | ||
===Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus=== | ===Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus=== | ||
Rarely, the following conditions may increase the risk of developing tetanus:<ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| author = [[Robert A. Felter]] & [[Lauren E. Zinns]] | | author = [[Robert A. Felter]] & [[Lauren E. Zinns]] | ||
| title = Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report | | title = Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report | ||
| Line 78: | Line 77: | ||
| pmid = 25853723 | | pmid = 25853723 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
* | *Intramuscular injections | ||
*[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]] | *[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]] | ||
*Chronic sores | *Chronic sores | ||
| Line 84: | Line 83: | ||
*Superficial clean [[wounds]] | *Superficial clean [[wounds]] | ||
*[[Insect bites]] | *[[Insect bites]] | ||
*[[Immunocompromised| | *[[Immunocompromised|Immunocompromised]] (cephalic tetanus) | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 22:04, 26 June 2017
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Tetanus risk factors On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Clostridium tetani spores can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination and less focus on general hygiene. Various risk factors for tetanus include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working in unhygienic environment.[1][2]
Risk Factors
Risk factors for developing a tetanus infection include:[1][2][3][4][5]
- Inadequate immunization
- Never immunized for tetanus
- No booster after 10 years of last dose
- Presence of a puncture wound
- Simultaneous infection with other pathogens
- Penetrating injury with a foreign body such as a splinter or a nail
- Untreated necrotic tissue
- Crushing injuries
- Burns
- Limited ischemia
- Hiking in bat caves
- Sports injuries
- Road side accidents
Injuries that have been associated with an increased risk of tetanus include:[1][3]
- Animal bites
- Different types of dental procedures
- Wounds from surgeries
- Infection of umbilical stump in neonates
- Septic abortion
- Male circumcision (specially in sub Saharan Africa)
- Crush injuries
- Gunshot wounds
- Puncture wounds
- Burns
- Foot ulcers in diabetic patients
- Ear infections
- Compound fractures
- Intravenous drug use
- Self tattooing
Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus
Rarely, the following conditions may increase the risk of developing tetanus:[6]
- Intramuscular injections
- IV drug abuse
- Chronic sores
- Dental infections
- Superficial clean wounds
- Insect bites
- Immunocompromised (cephalic tetanus)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A (2014). "Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report". Bol Asoc Med P R. 106 (2): 25–9. PMID 25065047.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.
- ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Anisha Doshi, Clare Warrell, Dima Dahdaleh & Dimitri Kullmann (2014). "Just a graze? Cephalic tetanus presenting as a stroke mimic". Practical neurology. 14 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2013-000541. PMID 24052566. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)