Tetanus risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Risk factors for the development of a tetanus infection include contaminated [[wounds]], punctured [[wounds]], [[Crush injury|crushing]], [[burns]] and working or living in poor hygiene conditions.<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047 }} </ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Revision as of 22:09, 26 June 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Risk factors for the development of a tetanus infection include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working or living in poor hygiene conditions.[1][2]
Risk Factors
Risk factors for developing a tetanus infection include:[1][2][3][4][5]
- Inadequate immunization
- Never immunized for tetanus
- No booster after 10 years of last dose
- Presence of a puncture wound
- Simultaneous infection with other pathogens
- Penetrating injury with a foreign body such as a splinter or a nail
- Untreated necrotic tissue
- Crushing injuries
- Burns
- Limited ischemia
- Hiking in bat caves
- Sports injuries
- Road side accidents
Injuries that have been associated with an increased risk of tetanus include:[1][3]
- Animal bites
- Different types of dental procedures
- Wounds from surgeries
- Infection of umbilical stump in neonates
- Septic abortion
- Male circumcision (specially in sub Saharan Africa)
- Crush injuries
- Gunshot wounds
- Puncture wounds
- Burns
- Foot ulcers in diabetic patients
- Ear infections
- Compound fractures
- Intravenous drug use
- Self tattooing
Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus
Rarely, the following conditions may increase the risk of developing tetanus:[6]
- Intramuscular injections
- IV drug abuse
- Chronic sores
- Dental infections
- Superficial clean wounds
- Insect bites
- Immunocompromised (cephalic tetanus)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A (2014). "Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report". Bol Asoc Med P R. 106 (2): 25–9. PMID 25065047.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.
- ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Anisha Doshi, Clare Warrell, Dima Dahdaleh & Dimitri Kullmann (2014). "Just a graze? Cephalic tetanus presenting as a stroke mimic". Practical neurology. 14 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2013-000541. PMID 24052566. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)