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==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Otitis media and mastoiditis evidently have been present in the human race for centuries.  
Otitis media and mastoiditis evidently have been present in the human race for centuries. Mastoiditis was first described by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C.E. The first recorded surgical incision for treatment of [[medial]] [[ear]] infection was in the 16th century C.E., performed by French physician Ambroise Paré. Initial therapies for otitis media were surgical, particularly [[mastoidectomy]], which was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century C.E. German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer published the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865. [[Antibiotic]] therapy for otitis media treatment emerged with the invention of mass production of [[penicillin]] in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain. The [[pneumococcal conjugate vaccine]] (PCV) emerged in 2000, greatly reducing the incidence of otitis media and mastoiditis by vaccinating individuals against the causative pathogens.<ref name="pmid24276262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T |title=Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011 |journal=JAMA Pediatr |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=68–75 |year=2014 |pmid=24276262 |pmc=3947317 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924 |url=}}</ref>


Lynn and Benitez (1974) found it among ancient  Egyptians,  and 


Rathbun  and Mallin (1977)noted it in a prehistoric Iranian popula-
== Discovery ==
* Roman physicians Hippocrates (450 bc) and Celsus (25 ad) in earlier days describe intracranial complications of otitis media, including mastoiditis
* Morgagni and Lebert (1856) and Macewan (1881) later explained the study of pathophysiology and management of intracranial complications of otitis media.<ref name="pmid23120149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Modak VB, Chavan VR, Borade VR, Kotnis DP, Jaiswal SJ |title=Intracranial complications of otitis media: In retrospect |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=130–5 |year=2005 |pmid=23120149 |pmc=3450981 |doi=10.1007/BF02907667 |url=}}</ref>


tion.
: 7034546


decades before antibiotics when the simple or complete mastoidectomy was performed in cases of acute mastoiditis in which abscess formation was suspected; such timely surgery after prevented extensive osseous destruction and also often-fatal meningitis and sinus thrombosis. So-called "radical" surgery began when surgeons realized that simple exposure of the antrum was inadequate to control chronic infection involving the middle ear, ossicles, and meatal walls. "Modified radical" surgery evolved from the attempt to preserve hearing, canal plasty from the attempt to prevent postoperative canal stricture. Politzer describes the surgery designed to close the tympanic ostium of the Eustachian tube and the application of skin grafts to the operative sites.
== Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies ==
* The first recorded surgical incision for treatment of [[medial]] [[ear]] infection was in the 16th century C.E., performed by French physician Ambroise Paré..<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
 
* Initial therapies for otitis media and mastoiditis were surgical, particularly [[mastoidectomy]], which was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century C.E.<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
** The procedure was first used for the purpose of draining [[pus]] from an [[abscess]].<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
* German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer advanced the discourse of clinicial study of otitis media by publishing the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865.<ref name="pmid25992009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bento RF, Fonseca AC |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–78 |year=2013 |pmid=25992009 |pmc=4423283 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |url=}}</ref>
* Adam Politzer founded the first otology clinic in 1873 in Austria, beginning the codification and standardization of ear disease treatment, such as otitis media.
* [[Antibiotic]] therapy for otitis media treatment emerged with the invention of mass production of [[penicillin]] in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain.<ref name="pmid11624973">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diamant H, Hultcrantz M |title=[Glimpses from the history of otitis media] |language=Swedish |journal=Nord Medicinhist Arsb |volume= |issue= |pages=189–95 |year=1996 |pmid=11624973 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** This was the first instance of the modern use of antibiotic therapy, as opposed to surgery, for otitis media treatment.
* The [[pneumococcal conjugate vaccine]] (PCV) emerged in 2000, greatly reducing the incidence of otitis media by vaccinating individuals against the causative pathogens..<ref name="pmid24276262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T |title=Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011 |journal=JAMA Pediatr |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=68–75 |year=2014 |pmid=24276262 |pmc=3947317 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924 |url=}}</ref>
 


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:28, 28 June 2017

Mastoiditis Microchapters

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Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Historical Perspective

Otitis media and mastoiditis evidently have been present in the human race for centuries. Mastoiditis was first described by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C.E. The first recorded surgical incision for treatment of medial ear infection was in the 16th century C.E., performed by French physician Ambroise Paré. Initial therapies for otitis media were surgical, particularly mastoidectomy, which was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century C.E. German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer published the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865. Antibiotic therapy for otitis media treatment emerged with the invention of mass production of penicillin in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) emerged in 2000, greatly reducing the incidence of otitis media and mastoiditis by vaccinating individuals against the causative pathogens.[1]


Discovery

  • Roman physicians Hippocrates (450 bc) and Celsus (25 ad) in earlier days describe intracranial complications of otitis media, including mastoiditis
  • Morgagni and Lebert (1856) and Macewan (1881) later explained the study of pathophysiology and management of intracranial complications of otitis media.[2]


Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • The first recorded surgical incision for treatment of medial ear infection was in the 16th century C.E., performed by French physician Ambroise Paré..[3]
  • Initial therapies for otitis media and mastoiditis were surgical, particularly mastoidectomy, which was first performed by French physician Jean-Louis Petit in the 17th century C.E.[3]
    • The procedure was first used for the purpose of draining pus from an abscess.[3]
  • German physicians Hermann Schwartze, Anton von Troltsch, and Adam Politzer advanced the discourse of clinicial study of otitis media by publishing the first journal dedicated to ear pathology and treatment in 1865.[3]
  • Adam Politzer founded the first otology clinic in 1873 in Austria, beginning the codification and standardization of ear disease treatment, such as otitis media.
  • Antibiotic therapy for otitis media treatment emerged with the invention of mass production of penicillin in 1940 by Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain.[4]
    • This was the first instance of the modern use of antibiotic therapy, as opposed to surgery, for otitis media treatment.
  • The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) emerged in 2000, greatly reducing the incidence of otitis media by vaccinating individuals against the causative pathogens..[1]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T (2014). "Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011". JAMA Pediatr. 168 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924. PMC 3947317. PMID 24276262.
  2. ↑ Modak VB, Chavan VR, Borade VR, Kotnis DP, Jaiswal SJ (2005). "Intracranial complications of otitis media: In retrospect". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 57 (2): 130–5. doi:10.1007/BF02907667. PMC 3450981. PMID 23120149.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bento RF, Fonseca AC (2013). "A brief history of mastoidectomy". Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 17 (2): 168–78. doi:10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009. PMC 4423283. PMID 25992009.
  4. ↑ Diamant H, Hultcrantz M (1996). "[Glimpses from the history of otitis media]". Nord Medicinhist Arsb (in Swedish): 189–95. PMID 11624973.

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