Hypogonadism natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
* If left untreated, patients of hypogonadism will progress and end up with infertility. | |||
* Untreated testosterone deficiency and hypogonadism have been linked with rheumatic autoimmune diseases as rheumatic arthritis and systemic lupus.<ref name="pmid27325124">{{cite journal| author=Baillargeon J, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Urban RJ, Sharma G, Sheffield-Moore M et al.| title=Hypogonadism and the risk of rheumatic autoimmune disease. | journal=Clin Rheumatol | year= 2016 | volume= 35 | issue= 12 | pages= 2983-2987 | pmid=27325124 | doi=10.1007/s10067-016-3330-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27325124 }}</ref> | |||
* They also show increase in the inflammatory markers as the following: | |||
** C reactive protein | |||
** Tumor necrosis factor | |||
** Interluekin 6 | |||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Natural History
- If left untreated, patients of hypogonadism will progress and end up with infertility.
- Untreated testosterone deficiency and hypogonadism have been linked with rheumatic autoimmune diseases as rheumatic arthritis and systemic lupus.[1]
- They also show increase in the inflammatory markers as the following:
- C reactive protein
- Tumor necrosis factor
- Interluekin 6
Complications
Complications of hypogonadism depend on the age of the patient. Complications that can develop are enlisted as the following:[2]
- Fetal life:
- Ambigous genitalia which means genitalia unclear whether it is male or female.
- Puberty:
- Gynecomastia
- Complete delay of puberty
- Impaired gonadal growth
- Adult:
- Infertility
- Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
- Depression
- Cardiovascular stroke
- Myocardial infarction
- Osteoporosis
Prognosis
- The prognosis of hypogonadism is good with treatment and patients can have normal life along side the appropriate medical therapy.
- Despite the different complications of hypogonadism, they can be managed under appropriate treatment.[3]
References
- ↑ Baillargeon J, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Urban RJ, Sharma G, Sheffield-Moore M; et al. (2016). "Hypogonadism and the risk of rheumatic autoimmune disease". Clin Rheumatol. 35 (12): 2983–2987. doi:10.1007/s10067-016-3330-x. PMID 27325124.
- ↑ Arver S, Luong B, Fraschke A, Ghatnekar O, Stanisic S, Gultyev D; et al. (2014). "Is testosterone replacement therapy in males with hypogonadism cost-effective? An analysis in Sweden". J Sex Med. 11 (1): 262–72. doi:10.1111/jsm.12277. PMID 23937088.
- ↑ Rahnema CD, Lipshultz LI, Crosnoe LE, Kovac JR, Kim ED (2014). "Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment". Fertil Steril. 101 (5): 1271–9. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002. PMID 24636400.