Hypogonadism differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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* Anosmia | * Anosmia | ||
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* [[Serum]] [[follicle stimulating hormone]] | |||
* [[Serum]] [[luteinizing hormone]] | |||
* [[Serum]] [[testosterone]] | |||
* Gonadotropin hormones | |||
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* Testosterone replacement therapy | |||
* Estrogen replacement therapy (in females) | |||
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|Cryptorchidism | |Cryptorchidism | ||
|Clinical features of cryptorchidism include:<ref name="pmid17462053">{{cite journal| author=Virtanen HE, Bjerknes R, Cortes D, Jørgensen N, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Thorsson AV et al.| title=Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences. | journal=Acta Paediatr | year= 2007 | volume= 96 | issue= 5 | pages= 611-6 | pmid=17462053 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00241.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17462053 }}</ref> | |||
* Empty scrotum | |||
* Inguinal fullness may be present | |||
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* Ultrasonography may be indicated to locate the gonads | |||
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* Treatment of cryptorchidism is mainly surgical in order to reduce the risk of malignancy | |||
* Orchiopexy surgery is recommended in order to reposition the undecsended testes. | |||
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| rowspan="2" |Male diseases | | rowspan="2" |Male diseases | ||
Revision as of 03:31, 23 July 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Differentiating Hypogonadism from other Diseases
- Hypogonadism must be differentiated from diseases that cause delayed puberty or infertility. These diseases include congenital diseases as Klinefelter syndrome, Kallmann syndrome and cryptorchidism. The diseases include also testicular torsion and orchitis in males, polycystic ovary syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis in females.
| Diseases | Clinical findings | Diagnosis | Manangement | |
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| Congenital diseases | Klinefelter syndrome | Clinical features of Klinefelter syndrome are as the following:[1]
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| Kallmann syndrome | Clinical features of Kallmann syndrome include:
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| Cryptorchidism | Clinical features of cryptorchidism include:[2]
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| Male diseases | Testicular torsion | Patients of testicular torsion usually present with following:[3]
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Management is mainly surgical through detorsion and fixation of the affected testes. |
| Orchitis | Clincial features of orchitis include the following:[4][5]
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| Female diseases | Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) | Possible clinical findings in cases of PCOS:[6]
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease | Patients usually present with the following:[8][9]
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| Endometriosis | Clinical features of endometriosis include the following:[10]
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Medical therapy:
Surgery:
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References
- ↑ Denschlag, Dominik, MD; Clemens, Tempfer, MD; Kunze, Myriam, MD; Wolff, Gerhard, MD; Keck, Christoph, MD (October 2004), "Assisted reproductive techniques in patients with Klinefelter syndrome: A critical review", Fertility and Sterility, 82 (4): 775–779, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.09.085
- ↑ Virtanen HE, Bjerknes R, Cortes D, Jørgensen N, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Thorsson AV; et al. (2007). "Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences". Acta Paediatr. 96 (5): 611–6. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00241.x. PMID 17462053.
- ↑ Schmitz D, Safranek S (2009). "Clinical inquiries. How useful is a physical exam in diagnosing testicular torsion?". J Fam Pract. 58 (8): 433–4. PMID 19679025.
- ↑ Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D (2009). "Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 79 (7): 583–7. PMID 19378875.
- ↑ Stewart A, Ubee SS, Davies H (2011). "Epididymo-orchitis". BMJ. 342: d1543. PMID 21490048.
- ↑ Christine Cortet-Rudelli, Didier Dewailly (2006). "Diagnosis of Hyperandrogenism in Female Adolescents". Hyperandrogenism in Adolescent Girls. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Legro RS, Barnhart HX, Schlaff WD (2007). "Clomiphene, Metformin, or Both for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". N Engl J Med. 356 (6): 551–566. PMID 17287476.
- ↑ Brunham RC, Gottlieb SL, Paavonen J (2015). "Pelvic inflammatory disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 372 (21): 2039–48. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1411426. PMID 25992748.
- ↑ Ford GW, Decker CF (2016). "Pelvic inflammatory disease". Dis Mon. 62 (8): 301–5. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.015. PMID 27107781.
- ↑ Murphy AA (2002). "Clinical aspects of endometriosis". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 955: 1–10, discussion 34-6, 396–406. PMID 11949938.