Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases: Difference between revisions
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|[[Cutaneous T cell lymphoma]]/[[Mycosis fungoides]]<ref name="urlMycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/mycosis-fungoides-treatment-pdq |title=Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |[[Cutaneous T cell lymphoma]]/[[Mycosis fungoides]]<ref name="urlMycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/mycosis-fungoides-treatment-pdq |title=Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
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* Premycotic phase: A scaly, red rash in areas of the body that usually are not exposed to the sun. This rash does not cause symptoms and may last for months or years. | * Premycotic phase: A scaly, red [[rash]] in areas of the [[body]] that usually are not exposed to the sun. This rash does not cause symptoms and may last for months or years. | ||
* Patch phase: Thin, reddened, [[eczema]] -like rash. | * Patch phase: Thin, reddened, [[eczema]] -like rash. | ||
* | * [[Plaque]] phase: Small raised [[Bumps on skin|bumps]] ([[Papule|papules]]) or hardened lesions on the skin, which may be reddened. | ||
* | * [[Tumor]] phase: Tumors form on the [[skin]]. These tumors may develop [[Ulcer|ulcers]]<nowiki/>and the skin may get infected. | ||
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* [[Epidermis (skin)|Epidermal]] [[atrophy]] or poikiloderma | * [[Epidermis (skin)|Epidermal]] [[atrophy]] or poikiloderma | ||
* Generalized itching ([[pruritus]]) | * Generalized [[itching]] ([[pruritus]]) | ||
* Pain in the affected area of the skin. | * [[Pain]] in the affected area of the skin. | ||
* [[Insomnia]] | * [[Insomnia]] | ||
* Red([[erythematous]]) patches scattered over the skin of the [[trunk]] and the [[extremities]] | * Red ([[erythematous]]) patches scattered over the [[skin]] of the [[trunk]] and the [[extremities]] | ||
* Tumor-like lobulated outgrowths form on the skin in the latter part of the disease | * Tumor-like lobulated outgrowths form on the skin in the latter part of the disease | ||
* Weight loss | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
* [[Lymphadenopathy]] | * [[Lymphadenopathy]] | ||
* [[Malaise]] and [[fatigue]] | * [[Malaise]] and [[fatigue]] | ||
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* May progress to [[Sezary syndrome]] (Skin involvement plus hematogenous dissemination) | * May progress to [[Sezary syndrome]] (Skin involvement plus hematogenous dissemination) | ||
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* Sezary syndrome | * [[Sezary syndrome]] | ||
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[[Image:Mycosis_fungoides.JPG|200px]] | [[Image:Mycosis_fungoides.JPG|200px]] | ||
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* Distributed on the [[trunk]] and [[proximal extremities]] | * Distributed on the [[trunk]] and [[proximal extremities]] | ||
* Squamous marginal collarette and a “fir-tree” or “Christmas tree” distribution on the posterior trunk | * Squamous marginal collarette and a “fir-tree” or “Christmas tree” distribution on the posterior trunk | ||
* Develops after [[ | * Develops after [[viral infection]] | ||
* Resolves spontaneously after 6-8 weeks | * Resolves spontaneously after 6-8 weeks | ||
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* Preceded by a prodrome of: | * Preceded by a prodrome of: | ||
** Sore throat | ** [[Sore throat]] | ||
** Gastrointestinal disturbance | ** [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] disturbance | ||
** [[Fever]] | ** [[Fever]] | ||
** [[Arthralgia]] | ** [[Arthralgia]] | ||
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* Multiple coinshaped [[Eczematous Scaling|eczematous]] lesions | * Multiple coinshaped [[Eczematous Scaling|eczematous]] lesions | ||
* Commonly affecting the [[extremities]] (lower>upper) and [[trunk]] | * Commonly affecting the [[extremities]] (lower>upper) and [[trunk]] | ||
* May ooze fluid and become dry and crusty | * May ooze [[fluid]] and become dry and crusty | ||
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* Often appears after a skin injury, such as a burn, abrasion (from friction), or insect bite | * Often appears after a skin injury, such as a [[burn]], [[abrasion]] (from friction), or [[insect bite]] | ||
* Lesions commonly relapse after occasional remission or may persist for long periods | * Lesions commonly relapse after occasional remission or may persist for long periods | ||
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** [[Staphylococcus]] infection | ** [[Staphylococcus]] infection | ||
** Seasonal variation | ** Seasonal variation | ||
** Alcohol | ** [[Alcohol]] | ||
** Drugs | ** [[Drugs]] | ||
** [[Atopy]] | ** [[Atopy]] | ||
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* [[Fever]] | * [[Fever]] | ||
* | * [[Lymphadenopathy|Generalized lymphadenopathy]] | ||
* Sore throat | * [[Sore throat]] | ||
* Patchy hair loss | * [[Hair loss|Patchy hair loss]] | ||
* Headaches | * [[Headaches]] | ||
* Weight loss | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
* [[Myalgia]] | * [[Myalgia]] | ||
* [[Fatigue]] | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
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* [[Erythematous]] little scaly plaque, which enlarges over time in an erratic manner | * [[Erythematous]] little scaly plaque, which enlarges over time in an erratic manner | ||
* Scale is usually yellow or white and it is easily detachable without producing any bleeding | * Scale is usually yellow or white and it is easily detachable without producing any [[bleeding]] | ||
* Well defined margins | * Well defined margins | ||
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* [[Pruritis]] | * [[Pruritis]] | ||
* Pain | * [[Pain]] | ||
* Bleeding lesions | * Bleeding lesions | ||
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* Associated with:<ref name="pmid25201325">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murao K, Yoshioka R, Kubo Y |title=Human papillomavirus infection in Bowen disease: negative p53 expression, not p16(INK4a) overexpression, is correlated with human papillomavirus-associated Bowen disease |journal=J. Dermatol. |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=878–84 |year=2014 |pmid=25201325 |doi=10.1111/1346-8138.12613 |url=}}</ref> | * Associated with:<ref name="pmid25201325">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murao K, Yoshioka R, Kubo Y |title=Human papillomavirus infection in Bowen disease: negative p53 expression, not p16(INK4a) overexpression, is correlated with human papillomavirus-associated Bowen disease |journal=J. Dermatol. |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=878–84 |year=2014 |pmid=25201325 |doi=10.1111/1346-8138.12613 |url=}}</ref> | ||
** [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]] ([[Bowen's disease]] of the penis) | ** [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]] ([[Bowen's disease]] of the [[penis]]) | ||
** [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] | ** [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] | ||
** Solar radiation and [[ultraviolet]] (UV) exposure | ** Solar radiation and [[ultraviolet]] (UV) exposure | ||
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** [[Arsenic]] exposure | ** [[Arsenic]] exposure | ||
** [[Human papillomavirus|Human papilloma virus]] (HPV) type 16 | ** [[Human papillomavirus|Human papilloma virus]] (HPV) type 16 | ||
** Merkel cell polyomavirus | ** [[Polyomavirus|Merkel cell polyomavirus]] | ||
** [[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjögren’s syndrome]] | ** [[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjögren’s syndrome]] | ||
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|[[Exanthematous pustulosis]]<ref name="pmid26354880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA |title=Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=843–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26354880 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.017 |url=}}</ref> | |[[Exanthematous pustulosis]]<ref name="pmid26354880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA |title=Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=843–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26354880 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.017 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* Numerous small, primarily non-follicular, sterile pustules, arising within large areas of [[Edema|edematous]] [[erythema]] | * Numerous small, primarily non-follicular, sterile [[pustules]], arising within large areas of [[Edema|edematous]] [[erythema]] | ||
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* [[Fever]] | * [[Fever]] | ||
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|[[Intertrigo]]<ref name="pmid16156342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC, Reich A |title=Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=833–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16156342 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |[[Intertrigo]]<ref name="pmid16156342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC, Reich A |title=Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=833–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16156342 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* Red and fleshy looking lesion in skin folds | * Red and fleshy looking lesion in [[skin]] folds | ||
* Itching | * [[Itching]] | ||
* oozing | * oozing | ||
* May be sore | * May be sore | ||
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* Associated with: | * Associated with: | ||
** Infections (Fungal, bacterial, viral) | ** [[Infections]] (Fungal, bacterial, viral) | ||
** [[Allergies]] | ** [[Allergies]] | ||
** [[Diabetes Mellitus|Diabetes]] | ** [[Diabetes Mellitus|Diabetes]] | ||
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|[[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid18577030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Satter EK, High WA |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the current recommendations of the Histiocyte Society |journal=Pediatr Dermatol |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=291–5 |year=2008 |pmid=18577030 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00669.x |url=}}</ref> | |[[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid18577030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Satter EK, High WA |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the current recommendations of the Histiocyte Society |journal=Pediatr Dermatol |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=291–5 |year=2008 |pmid=18577030 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00669.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* Scaling and crusting of the scalp | * Scaling and crusting of the [[scalp]] | ||
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* Pathological fractures<ref name="pmid1636041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stull MA, Kransdorf MJ, Devaney KO |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone |journal=Radiographics |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=801–23 |year=1992 |pmid=1636041 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.12.4.1636041 |url=}}</ref> | * Pathological fractures<ref name="pmid1636041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stull MA, Kransdorf MJ, Devaney KO |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone |journal=Radiographics |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=801–23 |year=1992 |pmid=1636041 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.12.4.1636041 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Visceromegaly ([[hepatomegaly]], [[spleenomegaly]]) | * Visceromegaly ([[hepatomegaly]], [[spleenomegaly]]) | ||
* Chronic cough | * [[Chronic cough, severe cold|Chronic cough]] | ||
* [[Dyspnea]]<ref name="pmid17527085">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sholl LM, Hornick JL, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Padera RF |title=Immunohistochemical analysis of langerin in langerhans cell histiocytosis and pulmonary inflammatory and infectious diseases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=947–52 |year=2007 |pmid=17527085 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000249443.82971.bb |url=}}</ref> | * [[Dyspnea]]<ref name="pmid17527085">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sholl LM, Hornick JL, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Padera RF |title=Immunohistochemical analysis of langerin in langerhans cell histiocytosis and pulmonary inflammatory and infectious diseases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=947–52 |year=2007 |pmid=17527085 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000249443.82971.bb |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Lymphadenopathy]] | * [[Lymphadenopathy]] | ||
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* [[Pruritis]] | * [[Pruritis]] | ||
* KOH preparation of the lesions confirms fungal infection | * KOH preparation of the lesions confirms [[fungal infection]] | ||
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* Associated with: | * Associated with: | ||
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** [[Immunosupression]] | ** [[Immunosupression]] | ||
** Intimate contact with infected person | ** Intimate contact with infected person | ||
** May lead to asthma exacerbation | ** May lead to [[asthma]] exacerbation | ||
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[[Image:Tinea_pedis.jpg|200px]] | [[Image:Tinea_pedis.jpg|200px]] | ||
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|[[Seborrheic dermatitis]] | |[[Seborrheic dermatitis]] | ||
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* [[Papulosquamous]], scaly, flaky, itchy, and red rash found particularly at [[sebaceous gland]]-rich areas of the body | * [[Papulosquamous]], scaly, flaky, [[itchy]], and red [[rash]] found particularly at [[sebaceous gland]]-rich areas of the body | ||
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* Associated with:<ref name="pmid16848386">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK |title=Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=16848386 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * Associated with:<ref name="pmid16848386">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK |title=Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=16848386 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
** [[AIDS]] | ** [[AIDS]] | ||
** Stress<ref name="pmid18033062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misery L, Touboul S, Vinçot C, Dutray S, Rolland-Jacob G, Consoli SG, Farcet Y, Feton-Danou N, Cardinaud F, Callot V, De La Chapelle C, Pomey-Rey D, Consoli SM |title=[Stress and seborrheic dermatitis] |language=French |journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=833–7 |year=2007 |pmid=18033062 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ** [[Stress]]<ref name="pmid18033062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misery L, Touboul S, Vinçot C, Dutray S, Rolland-Jacob G, Consoli SG, Farcet Y, Feton-Danou N, Cardinaud F, Callot V, De La Chapelle C, Pomey-Rey D, Consoli SM |title=[Stress and seborrheic dermatitis] |language=French |journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=833–7 |year=2007 |pmid=18033062 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
** Fungal infection | ** [[Fungal infection]] | ||
** [[Fatigue]] | ** [[Fatigue]] | ||
** Sleep deprivation | ** [[Sleep deprivation]] | ||
** Change of season | ** Change of season | ||
** [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]] disease | ** [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]] disease | ||
Revision as of 18:47, 24 July 2017
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Psoriasis Microchapters |
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Case Studies |
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Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause erythematous, scaly rash such as Cutaneous T cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilaris, pityriasis lichenoides chronica, nummular dermatitis, secondary syphilis, bowen’s disease, exanthematous pustulosis, hypertrophic lichen planus, Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, small plaque parapsoriasis, intertrigo, langerhans cell histiocytosis, dyshidrotic dermatitis, tinea manuum/pedum/capitis and seborrheic dermatitis.
Differentiating Psoriasis from other Diseases
- Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases causing papulosquamous or erythematosquamous rash especially when the psoriatic lesions are localized in particular sites as palms, soles, scalp, body folds, penis and nails.
- The differentials include:
- Cutaneous T cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides
- Pityriasis rosea
- Pityriasis rubra pilaris
- Pityriasis lichenoides chronica
- Nummular dermatitis
- Secondary syphilis
- Bowen’s disease
- Exanthematous pustulosis
- Hypertrophic lichen planus
- Sneddon–Wilkinson disease
- Small plaque parapsoriasis
- Intertrigo
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis
- Dyshidrotic dermatitis
- Tinea manuum/pedum/capitis
- Seborrheic dermatitis
| Disease | Rash Characteristics | Signs and Symptoms | Associated Conditions | Rash Appearance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cutaneous T cell lymphoma/Mycosis fungoides[1] |
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| Pityriasis rosea[2] |
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| Pityriasis lichenoides chronica |
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| Nummular dermatitis[5] |
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| Secondary syphilis[6] |
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| Bowen’s disease[7] |
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| Exanthematous pustulosis[9] |
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| Hypertrophic lichen planus[11] |
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| Sneddon–Wilkinson disease[13] |
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| Small plaque parapsoriasis[17] |
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| Intertrigo[19] |
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| Langerhans cell histiocytosis[20] |
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| Tinea manuum/pedum/capitis[24] |
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| Seborrheic dermatitis |
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References
- ↑ "Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute".
- ↑ Mahajan K, Relhan V, Relhan AK, Garg VK (2016). "Pityriasis Rosea: An Update on Etiopathogenesis and Management of Difficult Aspects". Indian J Dermatol. 61 (4): 375–84. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.185699. PMC 4966395. PMID 27512182.
- ↑ Prantsidis A, Rigopoulos D, Papatheodorou G, Menounos P, Gregoriou S, Alexiou-Mousatou I, Katsambas A (2009). "Detection of human herpesvirus 8 in the skin of patients with pityriasis rosea". Acta Derm. Venereol. 89 (6): 604–6. doi:10.2340/00015555-0703. PMID 19997691.
- ↑ Smith KJ, Nelson A, Skelton H, Yeager J, Wagner KF (1997). "Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta in HIV-1+ patients: a marker of early stage disease. The Military Medical Consortium for the Advancement of Retroviral Research (MMCARR)". Int. J. Dermatol. 36 (2): 104–9. PMID 9109005.
- ↑ Jiamton S, Tangjaturonrusamee C, Kulthanan K (2013). "Clinical features and aggravating factors in nummular eczema in Thais". Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 31 (1): 36–42. PMID 23517392.
- ↑ "STD Facts - Syphilis".
- ↑ Neagu TP, Ţigliş M, Botezatu D, Enache V, Cobilinschi CO, Vâlcea-Precup MS, GrinŢescu IM (2017). "Clinical, histological and therapeutic features of Bowen's disease". Rom J Morphol Embryol. 58 (1): 33–40. PMID 28523295.
- ↑ Murao K, Yoshioka R, Kubo Y (2014). "Human papillomavirus infection in Bowen disease: negative p53 expression, not p16(INK4a) overexpression, is correlated with human papillomavirus-associated Bowen disease". J. Dermatol. 41 (10): 878–84. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12613. PMID 25201325.
- ↑ Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA (2015). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 73 (5): 843–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.017. PMID 26354880.
- ↑ Schmid S, Kuechler PC, Britschgi M, Steiner UC, Yawalkar N, Limat A, Baltensperger K, Braathen L, Pichler WJ (2002). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: role of cytotoxic T cells in pustule formation". Am. J. Pathol. 161 (6): 2079–86. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64486-0. PMC 1850901. PMID 12466124.
- ↑ Ankad BS, Beergouder SL (2016). "Hypertrophic lichen planus versus prurigo nodularis: a dermoscopic perspective". Dermatol Pract Concept. 6 (2): 9–15. doi:10.5826/dpc.0602a03. PMC 4866621. PMID 27222766.
- ↑ Shengyuan L, Songpo Y, Wen W, Wenjing T, Haitao Z, Binyou W (2009). "Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: a reciprocal association determined by a meta-analysis". Arch Dermatol. 145 (9): 1040–7. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.200. PMID 19770446.
- ↑ Lutz ME, Daoud MS, McEvoy MT, Gibson LE (1998). "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a clinical study of ten patients". Cutis. 61 (4): 203–8. PMID 9564592.
- ↑ Kasha EE, Epinette WW (1988). "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease) in association with a monoclonal IgA gammopathy: a report and review of the literature". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 19 (5 Pt 1): 854–8. PMID 3056995.
- ↑ Delaporte E, Colombel JF, Nguyen-Mailfer C, Piette F, Cortot A, Bergoend H (1992). "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis in a patient with Crohn's disease". Acta Derm. Venereol. 72 (4): 301–2. PMID 1357895.
- ↑ Sauder MB, Glassman SJ (2013). "Palmoplantar subcorneal pustular dermatosis following adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis". Int. J. Dermatol. 52 (5): 624–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05707.x. PMID 23489057.
- ↑ Lambert WC, Everett MA (1981). "The nosology of parapsoriasis". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5 (4): 373–95. PMID 7026622.
- ↑ Väkevä L, Sarna S, Vaalasti A, Pukkala E, Kariniemi AL, Ranki A (2005). "A retrospective study of the probability of the evolution of parapsoriasis en plaques into mycosis fungoides". Acta Derm. Venereol. 85 (4): 318–23. doi:10.1080/00015550510030087. PMID 16191852.
- ↑ Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC, Reich A (2005). "Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections". Am Fam Physician. 72 (5): 833–8. PMID 16156342.
- ↑ Satter EK, High WA (2008). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the current recommendations of the Histiocyte Society". Pediatr Dermatol. 25 (3): 291–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00669.x. PMID 18577030.
- ↑ Stull MA, Kransdorf MJ, Devaney KO (1992). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone". Radiographics. 12 (4): 801–23. doi:10.1148/radiographics.12.4.1636041. PMID 1636041.
- ↑ Sholl LM, Hornick JL, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Padera RF (2007). "Immunohistochemical analysis of langerin in langerhans cell histiocytosis and pulmonary inflammatory and infectious diseases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31 (6): 947–52. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000249443.82971.bb. PMID 17527085.
- ↑ Grois N, Pötschger U, Prosch H, Minkov M, Arico M, Braier J, Henter JI, Janka-Schaub G, Ladisch S, Ritter J, Steiner M, Unger E, Gadner H (2006). "Risk factors for diabetes insipidus in langerhans cell histiocytosis". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 46 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1002/pbc.20425. PMID 16047354.
- ↑ Al Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G (2004). "Dermatology for the practicing allergist: Tinea pedis and its complications". Clin Mol Allergy. 2 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1476-7961-2-5. PMC 419368. PMID 15050029.
- ↑ Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK (2006). "Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 74 (1): 125–30. PMID 16848386.
- ↑ Misery L, Touboul S, Vinçot C, Dutray S, Rolland-Jacob G, Consoli SG, Farcet Y, Feton-Danou N, Cardinaud F, Callot V, De La Chapelle C, Pomey-Rey D, Consoli SM (2007). "[Stress and seborrheic dermatitis]". Ann Dermatol Venereol (in French). 134 (11): 833–7. PMID 18033062.