Psittacosis natural history: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{ADI}}{{DAMI}} | {{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{ADI}}{{DAMI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Psittacosis, if left untreated presents as a flu like symptom or an atypical pneumonia in most cases. In the first week of psittacosis the | [[Psittacosis]], if left untreated presents as a [[Flu|flu like symptom]] or an [[atypical pneumonia]] in most cases. In the first week of [[psittacosis]] the symptoms mimic [[typhoid fever]]; prostrating high [[fever]]s, [[arthralgia]]s, [[diarrhea]], [[conjunctivitis]], [[epistaxis]] and [[leukopenia]]. [[Headache]] can be so severe that suggests [[meningitis]] and some [[nuchal rigidity]] is not unusual. Towards the end of first week stupor or even [[coma]] results in severe cases. The second week is more of acute [[Bacteremia|bacteremic]] [[pneumococcal pneumonia]] with continuous high [[fever]]s, [[cough]] and [[dyspnea]]. Some complications include [[respiratory failure]], [[acute tubular necrosis]], [[hemolytic anemia]], [[endocarditis]], [[hepatitis]], [[encephalitis]] and in some fatal cases death. | ||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
===Natural History=== | ===Natural History=== | ||
Psittacosis presents chiefly as an atypical pneumonia. In the first week of psittacosis the | Psittacosis presents chiefly as an [[atypical pneumonia]]. In the first week of [[psittacosis]] the symptoms mimic [[typhoid fever]]: prostrating high [[fever]]s, [[arthralgia]]s, [[diarrhea]], [[conjunctivitis]], [[epistaxis]] and [[leukopenia]]. [[Headache]] can be so severe that suggests [[meningitis]] and some [[nuchal rigidity]] is not unusual. Towards the end of first week stupor and [[coma]] result in severe cases. The second week is more akin of acute [[Bacteremia|bacteremic]] [[pneumococcal pneumonia]] with continuous high [[fever]]s, [[cough]] and [[dyspnea]]. If untreated it progresses as following: | ||
* Stage of [[flu]] like syndrome | * Stage of [[flu]] like syndrome | ||
* Moderate [[pneumonia]] with X ray findings | * Moderate [[pneumonia]] with X ray findings | ||
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===Complications=== | ===Complications=== | ||
Complications that can develop as a result of psittacosis are | Complications that can develop as a result of psittacosis are: | ||
* [[Respiratory failure]]<ref name="pmid7742452">{{cite journal |author=Verweij PE, Meis JF, Eijk R, Melchers WJ, Galama JM |title=Severe human psittacosis requiring artificial ventilation: case report and review |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=440–2 |year=1995 |month=February |pmid=7742452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * [[Respiratory failure]]<ref name="pmid7742452">{{cite journal |author=Verweij PE, Meis JF, Eijk R, Melchers WJ, Galama JM |title=Severe human psittacosis requiring artificial ventilation: case report and review |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=440–2 |year=1995 |month=February |pmid=7742452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid1621687">{{cite journal |author=Jeffrey RF, More IA, Carrington D, Briggs JD, Junor BJ |title=Acute glomerulonephritis following infection with Chlamydia psittaci |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=94–6 |year=1992 |month=July |pmid=1621687 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * [[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid1621687">{{cite journal |author=Jeffrey RF, More IA, Carrington D, Briggs JD, Junor BJ |title=Acute glomerulonephritis following infection with Chlamydia psittaci |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=94–6 |year=1992 |month=July |pmid=1621687 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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===Prognosis=== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
Psittacosis is a treatable infectious disease. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, prognosis is good. If the disease is complicated by [[renal failure]] or [[respiratory failure]], prognosis is poor. | [[Psittacosis]] is a treatable [[infectious disease]]. With appropriate [[antibiotic therapy]], prognosis is good. If the disease is complicated by [[renal failure]] or [[respiratory failure]], prognosis is poor. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:25, 24 July 2017
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Psittacosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Psittacosis natural history On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Psittacosis natural history |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Psittacosis natural history |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]
Overview
Psittacosis, if left untreated presents as a flu like symptom or an atypical pneumonia in most cases. In the first week of psittacosis the symptoms mimic typhoid fever; prostrating high fevers, arthralgias, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, epistaxis and leukopenia. Headache can be so severe that suggests meningitis and some nuchal rigidity is not unusual. Towards the end of first week stupor or even coma results in severe cases. The second week is more of acute bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia with continuous high fevers, cough and dyspnea. Some complications include respiratory failure, acute tubular necrosis, hemolytic anemia, endocarditis, hepatitis, encephalitis and in some fatal cases death.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
Psittacosis presents chiefly as an atypical pneumonia. In the first week of psittacosis the symptoms mimic typhoid fever: prostrating high fevers, arthralgias, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, epistaxis and leukopenia. Headache can be so severe that suggests meningitis and some nuchal rigidity is not unusual. Towards the end of first week stupor and coma result in severe cases. The second week is more akin of acute bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia with continuous high fevers, cough and dyspnea. If untreated it progresses as following:
- Stage of flu like syndrome
- Moderate pneumonia with X ray findings
- Severe pneumonia
- Respiratory failure and sepsis
Complications
Complications that can develop as a result of psittacosis are:
- Respiratory failure[1]
- Acute tubular necrosis[2]
- Hemolytic anemia[3]
- Endocarditis[4]
- Hepatitis [5]
- Myocarditis[4]
- Arthritis [6]
- Chronic follicular conjunctivitis
- Lymphoma
- Gestational psittacosis
- Encephalitis - rare but fatal
Prognosis
Psittacosis is a treatable infectious disease. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, prognosis is good. If the disease is complicated by renal failure or respiratory failure, prognosis is poor.
References
- ↑ Verweij PE, Meis JF, Eijk R, Melchers WJ, Galama JM (1995). "Severe human psittacosis requiring artificial ventilation: case report and review". Clin. Infect. Dis. 20 (2): 440–2. PMID 7742452. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Jeffrey RF, More IA, Carrington D, Briggs JD, Junor BJ (1992). "Acute glomerulonephritis following infection with Chlamydia psittaci". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 20 (1): 94–6. PMID 1621687. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Timmerman R, Bieger R (1989). "Haemolytic anaemia due to cold agglutinins caused by psittacosis". Neth J Med. 34 (5–6): 306–9. PMID 2770941. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fernández-Guerrero ML (1993). "Zoonotic endocarditis". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 7 (1): 135–52. PMID 8463649. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Carella G, Marra L, Vallot T (1996). "[Hepatic psittacosis: a case of liver abnormality diagnosed by ultrasonography]". Presse Med (in French). 25 (5): 197–8. PMID 8729379. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Bergeder HD, Rink H (1977). "[Influence of radiation-induced electrolytic shifts upon the metabolism: VII. On the question of equivalence of K+-loss and Na+-uptake (author's transl)]". Strahlentherapie (in German). 153 (7): 481–4. PMID 331560. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)