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*[[Parasites]] infecting humans today may have different evolutionary origin and can be broadly sub-divided into two groups: | *[[Parasites]] infecting humans today may have different evolutionary origin and can be broadly sub-divided into two groups: | ||
**1) [[Parasites]] transmitted to humans through [[primates]] and are referred to as “heirloom.” | **1) [[Parasites]] transmitted to humans through [[primates]] and are referred to as “heirloom.” | ||
**2) [[Parasites]] acquired more recently through contact with animals (e.g. during animal domestication in the Neolithic period roughly 10,000 years ago) and are referred to as | **2) [[Parasites]] acquired more recently through contact with animals (e.g. during animal domestication in the Neolithic period roughly 10,000 years ago) and are referred to as “souvenirs”.<ref name="pmid12364371">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of human parasitology |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=595–612 |year=2002 |pmid=12364371 |pmc=126866 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The human [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] (''[[Trichuris trichiura]])'' is generally considered "heirloom", since it is found in the African non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in human [[Fossil record|fossilized]] [[faeces]] in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization.<ref name="pmid123643712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of human parasitology |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=595–612 |year=2002 |pmid=12364371 |pmc=126866 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The human [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] (''[[Trichuris trichiura]])'' is generally considered "heirloom", since it is found in the African non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in human [[Fossil record|fossilized]] [[faeces]] in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization.<ref name="pmid123643712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of human parasitology |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=595–612 |year=2002 |pmid=12364371 |pmc=126866 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
'''Demographic History''' | '''Demographic History''' | ||
* Discovery of [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] in different parts of the world may be explained by human migrations to various parts of the world.<ref name="pmid268006832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography |journal=Parasit Vectors |volume=9 |issue= |pages=37 |year=2016 |pmid=26800683 |pmc=4724142 |doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |url=}}</ref> | * Discovery of [[Whipworm infection|whipworm]] in different parts of the world may be explained by human migrations to various parts of the world.<ref name="pmid268006832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography |journal=Parasit Vectors |volume=9 |issue= |pages=37 |year=2016 |pmid=26800683 |pmc=4724142 |doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* The origin of human ''Trichuris'' is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early [[primates]], while pigs evolved in China, where they presumably acquired whipworms.<ref name="pmid26800683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography |journal=Parasit Vectors |volume=9 |issue= |pages=37 |year=2016 |pmid=26800683 |pmc=4724142 |doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |url=}}</ref> | * The origin of human ''Trichuris'' is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early [[primates]], while pigs evolved in China, where they presumably acquired whipworms.<ref name="pmid26800683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography |journal=Parasit Vectors |volume=9 |issue= |pages=37 |year=2016 |pmid=26800683 |pmc=4724142 |doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlWhipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text">{{cite web |url=https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8 |title=Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1761, Roederer described [[Trichuris trichiura|whipworm]] for the first time.<ref name="pmid16830393">{{cite journal| author=Tokmak N, Koc Z, Ulusan S, Koltas IS, Bal N| title=Computed tomographic findings of trichuriasis. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2006 | volume= 12 | issue= 26 | pages= 4270-2 | pmid=16830393 | doi= | pmc=4087392 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16830393 }} </ref> | *In 1761, Roederer described [[Trichuris trichiura|whipworm]] for the first time.<ref name="pmid16830393">{{cite journal| author=Tokmak N, Koc Z, Ulusan S, Koltas IS, Bal N| title=Computed tomographic findings of trichuriasis. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2006 | volume= 12 | issue= 26 | pages= 4270-2 | pmid=16830393 | doi= | pmc=4087392 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16830393 }} </ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
In 1761, Roederer described whipworm for the first time. In 1771, Carl Linnaeus coined the binomial name for human whipworm as Trichuris trichiura. The human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is generally considered "heirloom", since it is found in the African non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in fossilized human faeces in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization. The origin of human Trichuris is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early primates.
Historical Perspective
Whipworm and Humans: An evolutionary perspective
- Since the evolution of humans and the genus Homo for the past four million years, there has been continuous contact with many parasites.
- Parasites infecting humans today may have different evolutionary origin and can be broadly sub-divided into two groups:
- The human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is generally considered "heirloom", since it is found in the African non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in human fossilized faeces in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization.[2]
Demographic History
- Discovery of whipworm in different parts of the world may be explained by human migrations to various parts of the world.[3]
- The origin of human Trichuris is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early primates, while pigs evolved in China, where they presumably acquired whipworms.[4][5]
- In 1761, Roederer described whipworm for the first time.[6]
- In 1771, Carl Linnaeus coined the binomial name for human whipworm as Trichuris trichiura.
References
- ↑ Cox FE (2002). "History of human parasitology". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 595–612. PMC 126866. PMID 12364371.
- ↑ Cox FE (2002). "History of human parasitology". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 595–612. PMC 126866. PMID 12364371.
- ↑ Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P (2016). "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography". Parasit Vectors. 9: 37. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8. PMC 4724142. PMID 26800683.
- ↑ Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P (2016). "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography". Parasit Vectors. 9: 37. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8. PMC 4724142. PMID 26800683.
- ↑ "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text".
- ↑ Tokmak N, Koc Z, Ulusan S, Koltas IS, Bal N (2006). "Computed tomographic findings of trichuriasis". World J Gastroenterol. 12 (26): 4270–2. PMC 4087392. PMID 16830393.