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* [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] ([[PID]])  
* [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] ([[PID]])  
* [[Pyelonephritis]]
* [[Pyelonephritis]]
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Clinical Features
!Physical Examination
!Diagnostic Findings
|-
|[[Endometriosis]]
|
*[[Dysmenorrhea]]
*[[Dyspareunia]]
*[[Infertility]]
*Common in women between 25 to 35 years
|
*Nodules in the [[posterior fornix]]
*Adnexal masses
*Fixed retroverted [[uterus]]
*Lateral displacement of the [[cervix]]
|
*Increased [[CA-125|serum cancer antigen-125]] 
*Nodules of the [[Rectovaginal fascia|recto vaginal]] septum and hypoechoic, vascular mass on [[MRI]]
*Laproscopic visualization confirms the diagnosis
|-
|[[Adenomyosis]]<ref name="pmid16782099">{{cite journal| author=Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P| title=Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis. | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 2006 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 711-5 | pmid=16782099 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.01.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16782099  }}</ref>
|
*[[Abnormal uterine bleeding]]
*[[Dysmenorrhea]]
*Common in women aged 40 and 50 years
|
* Diffuse uterine enlargement always less than size corresponding to less than 12 weeks of [[gestation]]
|
*Asymmetric thickening of the [[myometrium]] on [[MRI]]
|-
|Submucous uterine [[Leiomyoma|leiomyomas]]<ref name="pmid26477496">{{cite journal| author=Donnez J, Donnez O, Matule D, Ahrendt HJ, Hudecek R, Zatik J et al.| title=Long-term medical management of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate. | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 2016 | volume= 105 | issue= 1 | pages= 165-173.e4 | pmid=26477496 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.032 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26477496  }}</ref>
|
*[[Menorrhagia]]
*Pelvic pressure and pain
*[[Infertility]]
*Peak age of onset 25 to 44 years of age
|
*Mobile [[uterus]] with an irregular contour
|
*[[Transvaginal ultrasound]] will demonstrate the presence of myomas
|-
|[[PID|Pelvic Inflammatory disease]]<ref name="pmid24216035">{{cite journal| author=Ross J, Judlin P, Jensen J, International Union against sexually transmitted infections| title=2012 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 2014 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-7 | pmid=24216035 | doi=10.1177/0956462413498714 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24216035  }}</ref>
|
*Seen in patients with history of [[sexually transmitted disease]]
*History of multiple sexual partners 
*Common in women younger than 25 years of age
|
*[[Abdominal tenderness]] 
*Acute [[Cervical motion tenderness|cervical motion]], [[Uterus|uterine]], and adnexal tenderness
*Visualization of purulent endocervical discharge 
|
*Positive [[Nucleic acid test|Nucleic acid amplification tests]] for [[Chlamydia trachomatis]] and [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae|N. gonorrhoeae]]
*Gram negative [[diplococci]] on [[gram stain]]
|-
|Pelvic congestion Syndrome<ref name="pmid11133549">{{cite journal| author=Rozenblit AM, Ricci ZJ, Tuvia J, Amis ES| title=Incompetent and dilated ovarian veins: a common CT finding in asymptomatic parous women. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2001 | volume= 176 | issue= 1 | pages= 119-22 | pmid=11133549 | doi=10.2214/ajr.176.1.1760119 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11133549  }}</ref>
|
*Shifting lower abdominal pain
*Deep [[dyspareunia]]
*Post-coital pain
*Exacerbation of pain after prolonged standing 
|
*Bimanual tenderness
*[[Cervical motion tenderness]]
|
*Pelvic [[varicosities]] on ultrasound with reduced blood flow
|}
Endometriosis should also be differentiated from conditions that present with [[lower abdominal pain]] in young women. The following is a list of diseases that present with acute onset severe lower abdominal pain:
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 180px;" | {{fontcolor|#000|Disease}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 650px;" | {{fontcolor|#000|Findings}}
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Ectopic pregnancy]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" | History of missed menses, positive [[pregnancy test]], [[ultrasound]] reveals an empty [[uterus]] and may show a mass in the [[fallopian tubes]].<ref name="pmid27720100">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morin L, Cargill YM, Glanc P |title=Ultrasound Evaluation of First Trimester Complications of Pregnancy |journal=J Obstet Gynaecol Can |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=982–988 |year=2016 |pmid=27720100 |doi=10.1016/j.jogc.2016.06.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Appendicitis]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Pain localized to the [[right iliac fossa]], [[vomiting]], [[Ultrasound|abdominal ultrasound]] [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] for diagnosis of [[acute appendicitis]] is 75% to 90%.<ref name="pmid8259423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Balthazar EJ, Birnbaum BA, Yee J, Megibow AJ, Roshkow J, Gray C |title=Acute appendicitis: CT and US correlation in 100 patients |journal=Radiology |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=31–5 |year=1994 |pmid=8259423 |doi=10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259423 |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Ruptured[[ ovarian cyst]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Usually spontaneous, can follow history of trauma, mild chronic lower abdominal discomfort may suddenly intensify, [[ultrasound]] is diagnostic.<ref name="pmid19299205">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bottomley C, Bourne T |title=Diagnosis and management of ovarian cyst accidents |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=711–24 |year=2009 |pmid=19299205 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.02.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Ovarian cyst ]]torsion'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presents with acute severe unilateral [[Lower abdominal pain|lower quadrant abdominal pain]], [[nausea and vomiting]], tender adnexal mass palpated in 90%, [[ultrasound]] is diagnostic.<ref name="pmid26760839">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, Shorma T |title=Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=41–8 |year=2016 |pmid=26760839 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Hemorrhagic [[ovarian cyst]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presents with [[Abdominal pain|localized abdominal pain]], [[nausea and vomiting]]. [[Hypovolemic shock]] may be present, [[abdominal tenderness]] and guarding are physical exam findings, [[ultrasound]] is diagnostic.<ref name="pmid26760839">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, Shorma T |title=Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=41–8 |year=2016 |pmid=26760839 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Endometriosis]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presents with cyclic pain that is exacerbated by onset of menses, [[dyspareunia]]. [[Laparoscopy|laparoscopic]] exploration is diagnostic.<ref name="pmid26760839">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, Shorma T |title=Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=41–8 |year=2016 |pmid=26760839 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Acute cystitis]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presents with features of increased urinary [[frequency]], [[urgency]], [[dysuria]], and suprapubic pain.<ref>{{Cite journal
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> author = [[W. E. Stamm]]
| title = Etiology and management of the acute urethral syndrome
| journal = [[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
| volume = 8
| issue = 3
| pages = 235–238
| year = 1981
| month = July-September
| pmid = 7292216
</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> author = [[W. E. Stamm]], [[K. F. Wagner]], [[R. Amsel]], [[E. R. Alexander]], [[M. Turck]], [[G. W. Counts]] & [[K. K. Holmes]]
| title = Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 303
| issue = 8
| pages = 409–415
| year = 1980
| month = August
| doi = 10.1056/NEJM198008213030801
| pmid = 6993946</ref>
|}




Revision as of 18:33, 26 July 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Differentiating an Ectopic Pregnancy from other Conditions

Clinical Features Physical Examination Diagnostic Findings
Endometriosis
Adenomyosis[1]
  • Diffuse uterine enlargement always less than size corresponding to less than 12 weeks of gestation
Submucous uterine leiomyomas[2]
  • Mobile uterus with an irregular contour
Pelvic Inflammatory disease[3]
  • Seen in patients with history of sexually transmitted disease
  • History of multiple sexual partners 
  • Common in women younger than 25 years of age
Pelvic congestion Syndrome[4]
  • Shifting lower abdominal pain
  • Deep dyspareunia
  • Post-coital pain
  • Exacerbation of pain after prolonged standing 

Endometriosis should also be differentiated from conditions that present with lower abdominal pain in young women. The following is a list of diseases that present with acute onset severe lower abdominal pain:

Disease Findings
Ectopic pregnancy History of missed menses, positive pregnancy test, ultrasound reveals an empty uterus and may show a mass in the fallopian tubes.[5]
Appendicitis Pain localized to the right iliac fossa, vomiting, abdominal ultrasound sensitivity for diagnosis of acute appendicitis is 75% to 90%.[6]
Rupturedovarian cyst Usually spontaneous, can follow history of trauma, mild chronic lower abdominal discomfort may suddenly intensify, ultrasound is diagnostic.[7]
Ovarian cyst torsion Presents with acute severe unilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, tender adnexal mass palpated in 90%, ultrasound is diagnostic.[8]
Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst Presents with localized abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Hypovolemic shock may be present, abdominal tenderness and guarding are physical exam findings, ultrasound is diagnostic.[8]
Endometriosis Presents with cyclic pain that is exacerbated by onset of menses, dyspareunia. laparoscopic exploration is diagnostic.[8]
Acute cystitis Presents with features of increased urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain.[9][10]


Classification of acute abdomen based on etiology Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis Comments
Fever Abdominal Pain Jaundice Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging
Common causes of Peritonitis Primary Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis + Diffuse - - - Hypoactive
  • Ascitic fluid PMN>250 cells/mm³
  • Culture: Positive for single organism
 Ultrasound for evaluation of liver cirrhosis -
Secondary Peritonitis Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer + Diffuse - + + N
    • Glucose < 50mg/dl
    • Total protein > 1g/dl
 Air under diaphragm in upright CXR Upper GI endoscopy for diagnosis
Acute cholangitis + RUQ + - - N Abnormal LFT Ultrasound shows biliary dilatation Biliary drainage (ERCP) + IV antibiotics
Acute cholecystitis + RUQ + - - Hypoactive Ultrasound shows gallstone and evidence of inflammation Murphy’s sign
Acute pancreatitis + Epigastric +/- - - N Increased amylase / lipase Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Pain radiation to back
Acute appendicitis + RLQ - + + Hypoactive Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Nausea & vomiting, decreased appetite
Acute diverticulitis + LLQ +/- + - Hypoactive Leukocytosis CT scan and ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation
Acute salpingitis + LLQ/ RLQ - +/- +/- N Leukocytosis Pelvic ultrasound Vaginal discharge
Hollow Viscous Obstruction Small intestine obstruction - Diffuse - + +/- Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis Abdominal X ray Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention
Volvulus - Diffuse - + - Hypoactive Leukocytosis CT scan and abdominal X ray Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention
Biliary colic - RUQ + - - N Increased bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase Ultrasound Nausea & vomiting
Renal colic - Flank pain - - - N Hematuria CT scan and ultrasound Colicky abdominal pain associated with nausea & vomiting
Vascular Disorders Ischemic causes Mesenteric ischemia +/- Periumbilical - - - Hyperactive Leukocytosis and lactic acidosis CT scan Nausea & vomiting, normal physical examination
Acute ischemic colitis +/- Diffuse - + + Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis CT scan Nausea & vomiting
Hemorrhagic causes Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm - Diffuse - - - N Normal CT scan Unstable hemodynamics
Intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage - Diffuse - - - N Anemia CT scan History of trauma
Gynaecological Causes Ovarian Cyst Complications Torsion of the cyst - RLQ / LLQ - +/- +/- N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset sever pain with nausea and vomiting
Cyst rupture - RLQ / LLQ - +/- +/- N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset sever pain with nausea and vomiting
Pregnancy Ruptured ectopic pregnancy - RLQ / LLQ - - - N Positive pregnancy test Ultrasound History of missed period and vaginal bleeding

References

  1. ↑ Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P (2006). "Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis". Fertil Steril. 86 (3): 711–5. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.01.030. PMID 16782099.
  2. ↑ Donnez J, Donnez O, Matule D, Ahrendt HJ, Hudecek R, Zatik J; et al. (2016). "Long-term medical management of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate". Fertil Steril. 105 (1): 165–173.e4. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.032. PMID 26477496.
  3. ↑ Ross J, Judlin P, Jensen J, International Union against sexually transmitted infections (2014). "2012 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease". Int J STD AIDS. 25 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1177/0956462413498714. PMID 24216035.
  4. ↑ Rozenblit AM, Ricci ZJ, Tuvia J, Amis ES (2001). "Incompetent and dilated ovarian veins: a common CT finding in asymptomatic parous women". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 176 (1): 119–22. doi:10.2214/ajr.176.1.1760119. PMID 11133549.
  5. ↑ Morin L, Cargill YM, Glanc P (2016). "Ultrasound Evaluation of First Trimester Complications of Pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 38 (10): 982–988. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.06.001. PMID 27720100.
  6. ↑ Balthazar EJ, Birnbaum BA, Yee J, Megibow AJ, Roshkow J, Gray C (1994). "Acute appendicitis: CT and US correlation in 100 patients". Radiology. 190 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259423. PMID 8259423.
  7. ↑ Bottomley C, Bourne T (2009). "Diagnosis and management of ovarian cyst accidents". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 23 (5): 711–24. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.02.001. PMID 19299205.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, Shorma T (2016). "Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain". Am Fam Physician. 93 (1): 41–8. PMID 26760839.
  9. ↑ {{Cite journal | author = W. E. Stamm | title = Etiology and management of the acute urethral syndrome | journal = Sexually transmitted diseases | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 235–238 | year = 1981 | month = July-September | pmid = 7292216
  10. ↑ {{Cite journal | author = W. E. Stamm, K. F. Wagner, R. Amsel, E. R. Alexander, M. Turck, G. W. Counts & K. K. Holmes | title = Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women | journal = The New England journal of medicine | volume = 303 | issue = 8 | pages = 409–415 | year = 1980 | month = August | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198008213030801 | pmid = 6993946

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